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    – 2 years ago **files (3)** – ## HM4001_CandidateInformation.pdf – ## INSTRUCTIONS.docx – ## HM4001_Rubric.pdf **## HM4001_CandidateInformation.pdf** HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION Erica ● Education: B.S. in Health Studies ● Experience: 4 years in HR, 2 years as medical assistant with current organ…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (3)**

    – ## HM4001_CandidateInformation.pdf

    – ## INSTRUCTIONS.docx

    – ## HM4001_Rubric.pdf

    **## HM4001_CandidateInformation.pdf**

    HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION

    Erica

    ● Education: B.S. in Health Studies
    ● Experience: 4 years in HR, 2 years as medical assistant with current organization
    ● Volunteer Work: Erica has performed extensive global health volunteer work, including

    assisting the running of a community clinic in Kenya. Currently, she mentors small
    business owners in the area who are just starting their enterprise.

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “Erica is the protocol guru. Everybody asks her when there is confusion.”
    ➢ “The time she took to mentor new hires was above and beyond.”
    ➢ “Erica admits she isn’t the best at interpreting data, though she doesn’t hesitate

    to ask for help.”
    ➢ “She’s a bright light who brings inspiration and vision to the department. She’s

    always suggesting new ways to approach or do things.”
    ➢ “Erica requires so little oversight. Although this can be a boon, there are times

    her manager would like her to check in more.”
    ➢ “When there’s overwhelm on the ward, Erica’s calm demeanor always helps to

    redirect the other team members.”
    ➢ “She’s okay at staffing, although it took her a little longer.”

    Kendra

    ● Education: Certificate in Health Management
    ● Experience: 7 years as a medical assistant with current organization
    ● Volunteer Work: Very involved in her neighborhood association, participates in a

    program that provides rides to the elderly to and from doctor’s appointments, errands,
    etc.

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “Kendra is a real self-starter, she doesn’t need a lot of supervision.”
    ➢ “Her family seems like the most important thing to her, and sometimes this

    affects her flexibility at work.”
    ➢ “Other team members prefer to collaborate with Kendra when given a choice.”
    ➢ “Kendra is a rule-follower and a stickler for details. She’s a watchdog for the

    department when it comes to following regulations.“
    ➢ “Kendra was very uncomfortable when she had to run the weekly team meeting.”
    ➢ “She works well with others, always cooperates.”
    ➢ “Kendra helped our department manage resources, and we were able to trim

    extra costs from the budget.”

    Arlo

    ● Education: B.S. in Medical Assistance
    ● Experience: 3 years as a dental hygienist, 15 years as a medical assistant with current

    organization
    ● Volunteer Work: None

    HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “He’s too nice to manage people. He can be a pushover.”
    ➢ “Arlo doesn’t like to do things out of order.”
    ➢ “He is very independent.”
    ➢ “He resisted changes in the department. Even though the changes were for the

    better, he was annoyed at having to alter his process.”
    ➢ “Fantastic with patients.”
    ➢ “Arlo is a great trainer and teacher. He has a knack for showing others how to do

    things efficiently.”
    ➢ “Arlo is efficient and pleasant, but he can be hard to read sometimes.”

    **## INSTRUCTIONS.docx**

    **This Assessment requires submission of one email of 3–5 paragraphs, a 1- to 2-page infographic, and a memo of 3 paragraphs.**

    ***Please have to be three separate documents. Thanks**

    To complete this assessment, read the Healthcare Leadership and Management Scenario and complete Parts 1–3 below.

    **Healthcare Leadership and Management Scenario** _You work on a team of medical assistants at a busy children's clinic. The absence of a manager who has been out of the office due to personal illness is causing significant stress in the workplace. HR sees the need for a new manager. As the senior member of your team, you have been asked to participate in the process of writing a job description and hiring a new manager._

    [Part I: Email to Clinic Director](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    _The clinic director has identified a list of responsibilities that he could potentially use within the job description for the manager position, but he wants to gather information from someone who works closely with this department on a regular basis. He asks you to analyze the list of responsibilities and choose 5 that you think are most important. For each of these 5 selected tasks, explain why it is an important responsibility from both a manager and a leader perspective. Draft an email in response to the clinic director’s request that identifies the 5 responsibilities and analyzes each from both perspectives._

    · Setting a department vision

    · Maintaining a smooth relationship with the physicians

    · Overseeing technology acquisition for the department

    · Being an effective spokesperson for the organization

    · Determining strategies for the future

    · Motivating stakeholders

    · Ensuring patient satisfaction

    · Mentoring new hires

    · Fostering collaboration

    · Assisting with budgeting

    · Aligning team with organizational values

    · Facilitating continuing education for staff

    · Training new employees

    · Connecting people across departments

    · Controlling departmental resources

    · Establishing a department mission

    Your email response should be between 3 and 5 paragraphs in length.

    [Part II: Manager and Leader Responsibility Infographic](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    In addition to emailing the clinic director regarding the importance of responsibilities from both a leader and manager perspective, you have also been asked to communicate these important responsibilities to the employees in your department. You decide to create an infographic that explains the responsibilities from both a leader and manager perspective, highlighting the fact that, while not everyone is in a management position, everyone on the team can be a leader in some way.

    Your infographic should be 1–2 pages in length and should include at least one APA-formatted resource that supports your explanation of responsibilities. Although not required, you can use this website to help you create an infographic.
    [https://www.easel.ly/](https://www.easel.ly/)

    [Part III: Response Memo on Evaluation of Candidates](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    The hiring committee has narrowed their search to three candidates from within your current team: Erica, Kendra, and Arlo. You work with each of these candidates on a daily basis, so the hiring committee asks for your evaluation of the candidates and a recommendation for the manager position. Evaluate the three candidates (Erica, Kendra, and Arlo) based on the responsibilities that you feel are most important and the candidate information provided. Write a memo to the clinical director, who is part of the hiring committee, that includes the following:

    · Make a recommendation for one candidate who best displays both manager and leader characteristics. Reference at least 2 responsibilities that were analyzed within your email to the clinical director in Part 1.

    · Reference at least 1 appropriate scholarly resource in APA format that supports your recommendation.

    (Recommended length: 3 paragraphs)

    **## HM4001_Rubric.pdf**

    ©2023 Walden University 1

    HM4001: Manager vs. Leader: Differentiate the characteristics of managers and leaders.

    Assessment Rubric

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    Module 1: The Characteristics of Leaders and Managers

    Part 1: Identify 5 manager

    responsibilities that are most

    important within the children’s

    clinic.

    LO1.1: Identify key managerial
    responsibilities for a job description.

    Response is not present. Email does not clearly identify 5

    responsibilities, or the

    responsibilities listed are not

    from the list provided.

    Email clearly identifies the 5

    responsibilities from the list

    provided that are most

    important.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    LO1.2: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a managerial perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    LO1.3: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a leadership perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    ©2023 Walden University 2

    Part 2: Develop an infographic

    that communicates the

    importance of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals.

    LO1.4: Create infographic that

    highlights leadership and

    managerial job responsibilities for

    healthcare professionals.

    Response is not present. Infographic does not

    communicate all 5 chosen

    responsibilities, or the

    infographic is unclear or

    incomplete.

    Infographic graphically

    communicates the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals in a

    clear and complete way.

    Part 2: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within the infographic.

    LO1.5: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Infographic includes a reference

    that is inappropriate or

    improperly formatted.

    Infographic includes at least

    one appropriate reference in

    APA format.

    Part 3: Make a recommendation

    for one candidate who best

    displays both manager and

    leader characteristics. Reference

    at least 2 responsibilities that

    were analyzed within your email

    in Part 1.

    LO1.6: Recommend a candidate

    for a manager position.

    Response is not present. Memo is unclear on a

    recommendation, or the

    recommendation is not properly
    justified based on

    responsibilities identified or

    candidate information.

    Memo clearly recommends one

    candidate and explains the

    decision based on the

    responsibilities identified as well

    as on the candidate

    information.

    ©2023 Walden University 3

    Part 3: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within a memo.

    LO1.7: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Memo includes a reference that

    is inappropriate or improperly

    formatted.

    Memo includes at least one

    appropriate reference in APA

    format.

    Exceeds Expectations: In-Depth Analysis

    No Yes

    Learning Objective: Analyze
    responsibilities and

    characteristics that differentiate

    managers and leaders in

    healthcare settings.

    Responses do not include evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that reflect well-

    developed and detailed comparisons of leader and

    manager perspectives. Strong rationale is not

    supported by professional literature. Infographic does

    not present information in a cogent and/or engaging

    way or does not include well-documented sources.

    References and/or citations do not entirely follow APA

    guidelines.

    Responses include substantive evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that

    reflect well-developed and detailed comparisons

    of leader and manager perspectives. Strong

    rationale supported by professional literature is

    provided. Infographic presents information in a

    cogent and/or engaging way and includes well-

    documented sources. Email and memo are

    written in an engaging and informative manner.

    The infographic is creative and interesting to the

    audience. References and citations follow APA

    formatting and are used effectively in the email,

    memo, and infographic.

    ©2023 Walden University 4

    Written Communication: Write with clarity, coherence, and purpose.

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    LO1: Construct complete and

    correct sentences (AWE
    2; Sentence Level Skills)

    Sentences are incoherent

    and impede reader’s

    access to ideas.

    Sentences are incomplete and/or

    include fragments and run-on

    sentences, limiting reader’s access

    to ideas.

    Sentences structure effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    LO2: Demonstrate the

    effective use of grammar and

    mechanics. (AWE 2;

    Sentence Level Skills)

    Multiple inaccuracies in

    grammar and mechanics

    impede reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Some inaccuracies in grammar and

    mechanics limit reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Use of grammar and mechanics is

    straightforward and effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    ©2023 Walden University 5

    LO3: Create cohesive

    paragraphs with a clear

    central idea. (AWE 2;

    Paragraph Level Skills)

    Paragraphs, or lack of

    paragraphs, impede

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Construction of main idea and/or

    supporting paragraphs limit

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Main idea and/or supporting

    paragraphs effectively convey meaning

    to the reader.

    LO4: Use supporting material

    to support a claim. (AWE 2;

    Use of Evidence)

    Supporting materials are

    not present.
    Supporting material is used

    inconsistently or inappropriately.
    Supporting material is used to enhance

    meaning. Writing is appropriately

    paraphrased and uses direct quotes as

    applicable.

    LO6: Identify sources (AWE

    2; Credit to source)

    Sources are missing. Writing inconsistently identifies or

    misrepresents sources.
    Writing clearly identifies the source of

    nonoriginal material and/or ideas.

    LO8: Use transitions to

    connect ideas. (AWE 3;

    essay-level skills)

    Transitions are not

    present.
    Transitions are used inconsistently

    or limit reader’s access to ideas.
    Writing conveys a cohesive idea

    through the effective use of transitions.

    LO9: Use appropriate tone

    and vocabulary for a given

    audience. (AWE 3;
    Awareness of audience and

    discipline)

    Vocabulary and tone are

    inappropriate for the

    audience.

    Vocabulary and tone vary

    throughout the writing, limiting

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Vocabulary and tone communicate key

    concepts that are appropriate for the

    audience.

    ©2023 Walden University 6

    LO10: Apply APA formatting

    and style guidelines. (AWE 3

    awareness of audience and

    discipline and credit to

    source)

    APA formatting and style

    are not present.
    Writing inconsistently uses in-text

    citations and references. Major

    errors in APA style impede

    understanding and/or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    Writing uses in-text citations

    appropriately, includes references when

    applicable, and is formatted according

    to APA style. Minor errors in APA style

    do not impede understanding or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    **## HM4001_Rubric.pdf**

    ©2023 Walden University 1

    HM4001: Manager vs. Leader: Differentiate the characteristics of managers and leaders.

    Assessment Rubric

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    Module 1: The Characteristics of Leaders and Managers

    Part 1: Identify 5 manager

    responsibilities that are most

    important within the children’s

    clinic.

    LO1.1: Identify key managerial
    responsibilities for a job description.

    Response is not present. Email does not clearly identify 5

    responsibilities, or the

    responsibilities listed are not

    from the list provided.

    Email clearly identifies the 5

    responsibilities from the list

    provided that are most

    important.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    LO1.2: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a managerial perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    LO1.3: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a leadership perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    ©2023 Walden University 2

    Part 2: Develop an infographic

    that communicates the

    importance of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals.

    LO1.4: Create infographic that

    highlights leadership and

    managerial job responsibilities for

    healthcare professionals.

    Response is not present. Infographic does not

    communicate all 5 chosen

    responsibilities, or the

    infographic is unclear or

    incomplete.

    Infographic graphically

    communicates the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals in a

    clear and complete way.

    Part 2: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within the infographic.

    LO1.5: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Infographic includes a reference

    that is inappropriate or

    improperly formatted.

    Infographic includes at least

    one appropriate reference in

    APA format.

    Part 3: Make a recommendation

    for one candidate who best

    displays both manager and

    leader characteristics. Reference

    at least 2 responsibilities that

    were analyzed within your email

    in Part 1.

    LO1.6: Recommend a candidate

    for a manager position.

    Response is not present. Memo is unclear on a

    recommendation, or the

    recommendation is not properly
    justified based on

    responsibilities identified or

    candidate information.

    Memo clearly recommends one

    candidate and explains the

    decision based on the

    responsibilities identified as well

    as on the candidate

    information.

    ©2023 Walden University 3

    Part 3: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within a memo.

    LO1.7: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Memo includes a reference that

    is inappropriate or improperly

    formatted.

    Memo includes at least one

    appropriate reference in APA

    format.

    Exceeds Expectations: In-Depth Analysis

    No Yes

    Learning Objective: Analyze
    responsibilities and

    characteristics that differentiate

    managers and leaders in

    healthcare settings.

    Responses do not include evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that reflect well-

    developed and detailed comparisons of leader and

    manager perspectives. Strong rationale is not

    supported by professional literature. Infographic does

    not present information in a cogent and/or engaging

    way or does not include well-documented sources.

    References and/or citations do not entirely follow APA

    guidelines.

    Responses include substantive evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that

    reflect well-developed and detailed comparisons

    of leader and manager perspectives. Strong

    rationale supported by professional literature is

    provided. Infographic presents information in a

    cogent and/or engaging way and includes well-

    documented sources. Email and memo are

    written in an engaging and informative manner.

    The infographic is creative and interesting to the

    audience. References and citations follow APA

    formatting and are used effectively in the email,

    memo, and infographic.

    ©2023 Walden University 4

    Written Communication: Write with clarity, coherence, and purpose.

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    LO1: Construct complete and

    correct sentences (AWE
    2; Sentence Level Skills)

    Sentences are incoherent

    and impede reader’s

    access to ideas.

    Sentences are incomplete and/or

    include fragments and run-on

    sentences, limiting reader’s access

    to ideas.

    Sentences structure effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    LO2: Demonstrate the

    effective use of grammar and

    mechanics. (AWE 2;

    Sentence Level Skills)

    Multiple inaccuracies in

    grammar and mechanics

    impede reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Some inaccuracies in grammar and

    mechanics limit reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Use of grammar and mechanics is

    straightforward and effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    ©2023 Walden University 5

    LO3: Create cohesive

    paragraphs with a clear

    central idea. (AWE 2;

    Paragraph Level Skills)

    Paragraphs, or lack of

    paragraphs, impede

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Construction of main idea and/or

    supporting paragraphs limit

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Main idea and/or supporting

    paragraphs effectively convey meaning

    to the reader.

    LO4: Use supporting material

    to support a claim. (AWE 2;

    Use of Evidence)

    Supporting materials are

    not present.
    Supporting material is used

    inconsistently or inappropriately.
    Supporting material is used to enhance

    meaning. Writing is appropriately

    paraphrased and uses direct quotes as

    applicable.

    LO6: Identify sources (AWE

    2; Credit to source)

    Sources are missing. Writing inconsistently identifies or

    misrepresents sources.
    Writing clearly identifies the source of

    nonoriginal material and/or ideas.

    LO8: Use transitions to

    connect ideas. (AWE 3;

    essay-level skills)

    Transitions are not

    present.
    Transitions are used inconsistently

    or limit reader’s access to ideas.
    Writing conveys a cohesive idea

    through the effective use of transitions.

    LO9: Use appropriate tone

    and vocabulary for a given

    audience. (AWE 3;
    Awareness of audience and

    discipline)

    Vocabulary and tone are

    inappropriate for the

    audience.

    Vocabulary and tone vary

    throughout the writing, limiting

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Vocabulary and tone communicate key

    concepts that are appropriate for the

    audience.

    ©2023 Walden University 6

    LO10: Apply APA formatting

    and style guidelines. (AWE 3

    awareness of audience and

    discipline and credit to

    source)

    APA formatting and style

    are not present.
    Writing inconsistently uses in-text

    citations and references. Major

    errors in APA style impede

    understanding and/or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    Writing uses in-text citations

    appropriately, includes references when

    applicable, and is formatted according

    to APA style. Minor errors in APA style

    do not impede understanding or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    **## HM4001_CandidateInformation.pdf**

    HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION

    Erica

    ● Education: B.S. in Health Studies
    ● Experience: 4 years in HR, 2 years as medical assistant with current organization
    ● Volunteer Work: Erica has performed extensive global health volunteer work, including

    assisting the running of a community clinic in Kenya. Currently, she mentors small
    business owners in the area who are just starting their enterprise.

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “Erica is the protocol guru. Everybody asks her when there is confusion.”
    ➢ “The time she took to mentor new hires was above and beyond.”
    ➢ “Erica admits she isn’t the best at interpreting data, though she doesn’t hesitate

    to ask for help.”
    ➢ “She’s a bright light who brings inspiration and vision to the department. She’s

    always suggesting new ways to approach or do things.”
    ➢ “Erica requires so little oversight. Although this can be a boon, there are times

    her manager would like her to check in more.”
    ➢ “When there’s overwhelm on the ward, Erica’s calm demeanor always helps to

    redirect the other team members.”
    ➢ “She’s okay at staffing, although it took her a little longer.”

    Kendra

    ● Education: Certificate in Health Management
    ● Experience: 7 years as a medical assistant with current organization
    ● Volunteer Work: Very involved in her neighborhood association, participates in a

    program that provides rides to the elderly to and from doctor’s appointments, errands,
    etc.

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “Kendra is a real self-starter, she doesn’t need a lot of supervision.”
    ➢ “Her family seems like the most important thing to her, and sometimes this

    affects her flexibility at work.”
    ➢ “Other team members prefer to collaborate with Kendra when given a choice.”
    ➢ “Kendra is a rule-follower and a stickler for details. She’s a watchdog for the

    department when it comes to following regulations.“
    ➢ “Kendra was very uncomfortable when she had to run the weekly team meeting.”
    ➢ “She works well with others, always cooperates.”
    ➢ “Kendra helped our department manage resources, and we were able to trim

    extra costs from the budget.”

    Arlo

    ● Education: B.S. in Medical Assistance
    ● Experience: 3 years as a dental hygienist, 15 years as a medical assistant with current

    organization
    ● Volunteer Work: None

    HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “He’s too nice to manage people. He can be a pushover.”
    ➢ “Arlo doesn’t like to do things out of order.”
    ➢ “He is very independent.”
    ➢ “He resisted changes in the department. Even though the changes were for the

    better, he was annoyed at having to alter his process.”
    ➢ “Fantastic with patients.”
    ➢ “Arlo is a great trainer and teacher. He has a knack for showing others how to do

    things efficiently.”
    ➢ “Arlo is efficient and pleasant, but he can be hard to read sometimes.”

    **## INSTRUCTIONS.docx**

    **This Assessment requires submission of one email of 3–5 paragraphs, a 1- to 2-page infographic, and a memo of 3 paragraphs.**

    ***Please have to be three separate documents. Thanks**

    To complete this assessment, read the Healthcare Leadership and Management Scenario and complete Parts 1–3 below.

    **Healthcare Leadership and Management Scenario** _You work on a team of medical assistants at a busy children's clinic. The absence of a manager who has been out of the office due to personal illness is causing significant stress in the workplace. HR sees the need for a new manager. As the senior member of your team, you have been asked to participate in the process of writing a job description and hiring a new manager._

    [Part I: Email to Clinic Director](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    _The clinic director has identified a list of responsibilities that he could potentially use within the job description for the manager position, but he wants to gather information from someone who works closely with this department on a regular basis. He asks you to analyze the list of responsibilities and choose 5 that you think are most important. For each of these 5 selected tasks, explain why it is an important responsibility from both a manager and a leader perspective. Draft an email in response to the clinic director’s request that identifies the 5 responsibilities and analyzes each from both perspectives._

    · Setting a department vision

    · Maintaining a smooth relationship with the physicians

    · Overseeing technology acquisition for the department

    · Being an effective spokesperson for the organization

    · Determining strategies for the future

    · Motivating stakeholders

    · Ensuring patient satisfaction

    · Mentoring new hires

    · Fostering collaboration

    · Assisting with budgeting

    · Aligning team with organizational values

    · Facilitating continuing education for staff

    · Training new employees

    · Connecting people across departments

    · Controlling departmental resources

    · Establishing a department mission

    Your email response should be between 3 and 5 paragraphs in length.

    [Part II: Manager and Leader Responsibility Infographic](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    In addition to emailing the clinic director regarding the importance of responsibilities from both a leader and manager perspective, you have also been asked to communicate these important responsibilities to the employees in your department. You decide to create an infographic that explains the responsibilities from both a leader and manager perspective, highlighting the fact that, while not everyone is in a management position, everyone on the team can be a leader in some way.

    Your infographic should be 1–2 pages in length and should include at least one APA-formatted resource that supports your explanation of responsibilities. Although not required, you can use this website to help you create an infographic.
    [https://www.easel.ly/](https://www.easel.ly/)

    [Part III: Response Memo on Evaluation of Candidates](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    The hiring committee has narrowed their search to three candidates from within your current team: Erica, Kendra, and Arlo. You work with each of these candidates on a daily basis, so the hiring committee asks for your evaluation of the candidates and a recommendation for the manager position. Evaluate the three candidates (Erica, Kendra, and Arlo) based on the responsibilities that you feel are most important and the candidate information provided. Write a memo to the clinical director, who is part of the hiring committee, that includes the following:

    · Make a recommendation for one candidate who best displays both manager and leader characteristics. Reference at least 2 responsibilities that were analyzed within your email to the clinical director in Part 1.

    · Reference at least 1 appropriate scholarly resource in APA format that supports your recommendation.

    (Recommended length: 3 paragraphs)

    **## HM4001_Rubric.pdf**

    ©2023 Walden University 1

    HM4001: Manager vs. Leader: Differentiate the characteristics of managers and leaders.

    Assessment Rubric

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    Module 1: The Characteristics of Leaders and Managers

    Part 1: Identify 5 manager

    responsibilities that are most

    important within the children’s

    clinic.

    LO1.1: Identify key managerial
    responsibilities for a job description.

    Response is not present. Email does not clearly identify 5

    responsibilities, or the

    responsibilities listed are not

    from the list provided.

    Email clearly identifies the 5

    responsibilities from the list

    provided that are most

    important.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    LO1.2: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a managerial perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    LO1.3: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a leadership perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    ©2023 Walden University 2

    Part 2: Develop an infographic

    that communicates the

    importance of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals.

    LO1.4: Create infographic that

    highlights leadership and

    managerial job responsibilities for

    healthcare professionals.

    Response is not present. Infographic does not

    communicate all 5 chosen

    responsibilities, or the

    infographic is unclear or

    incomplete.

    Infographic graphically

    communicates the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals in a

    clear and complete way.

    Part 2: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within the infographic.

    LO1.5: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Infographic includes a reference

    that is inappropriate or

    improperly formatted.

    Infographic includes at least

    one appropriate reference in

    APA format.

    Part 3: Make a recommendation

    for one candidate who best

    displays both manager and

    leader characteristics. Reference

    at least 2 responsibilities that

    were analyzed within your email

    in Part 1.

    LO1.6: Recommend a candidate

    for a manager position.

    Response is not present. Memo is unclear on a

    recommendation, or the

    recommendation is not properly
    justified based on

    responsibilities identified or

    candidate information.

    Memo clearly recommends one

    candidate and explains the

    decision based on the

    responsibilities identified as well

    as on the candidate

    information.

    ©2023 Walden University 3

    Part 3: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within a memo.

    LO1.7: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Memo includes a reference that

    is inappropriate or improperly

    formatted.

    Memo includes at least one

    appropriate reference in APA

    format.

    Exceeds Expectations: In-Depth Analysis

    No Yes

    Learning Objective: Analyze
    responsibilities and

    characteristics that differentiate

    managers and leaders in

    healthcare settings.

    Responses do not include evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that reflect well-

    developed and detailed comparisons of leader and

    manager perspectives. Strong rationale is not

    supported by professional literature. Infographic does

    not present information in a cogent and/or engaging

    way or does not include well-documented sources.

    References and/or citations do not entirely follow APA

    guidelines.

    Responses include substantive evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that

    reflect well-developed and detailed comparisons

    of leader and manager perspectives. Strong

    rationale supported by professional literature is

    provided. Infographic presents information in a

    cogent and/or engaging way and includes well-

    documented sources. Email and memo are

    written in an engaging and informative manner.

    The infographic is creative and interesting to the

    audience. References and citations follow APA

    formatting and are used effectively in the email,

    memo, and infographic.

    ©2023 Walden University 4

    Written Communication: Write with clarity, coherence, and purpose.

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    LO1: Construct complete and

    correct sentences (AWE
    2; Sentence Level Skills)

    Sentences are incoherent

    and impede reader’s

    access to ideas.

    Sentences are incomplete and/or

    include fragments and run-on

    sentences, limiting reader’s access

    to ideas.

    Sentences structure effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    LO2: Demonstrate the

    effective use of grammar and

    mechanics. (AWE 2;

    Sentence Level Skills)

    Multiple inaccuracies in

    grammar and mechanics

    impede reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Some inaccuracies in grammar and

    mechanics limit reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Use of grammar and mechanics is

    straightforward and effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    ©2023 Walden University 5

    LO3: Create cohesive

    paragraphs with a clear

    central idea. (AWE 2;

    Paragraph Level Skills)

    Paragraphs, or lack of

    paragraphs, impede

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Construction of main idea and/or

    supporting paragraphs limit

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Main idea and/or supporting

    paragraphs effectively convey meaning

    to the reader.

    LO4: Use supporting material

    to support a claim. (AWE 2;

    Use of Evidence)

    Supporting materials are

    not present.
    Supporting material is used

    inconsistently or inappropriately.
    Supporting material is used to enhance

    meaning. Writing is appropriately

    paraphrased and uses direct quotes as

    applicable.

    LO6: Identify sources (AWE

    2; Credit to source)

    Sources are missing. Writing inconsistently identifies or

    misrepresents sources.
    Writing clearly identifies the source of

    nonoriginal material and/or ideas.

    LO8: Use transitions to

    connect ideas. (AWE 3;

    essay-level skills)

    Transitions are not

    present.
    Transitions are used inconsistently

    or limit reader’s access to ideas.
    Writing conveys a cohesive idea

    through the effective use of transitions.

    LO9: Use appropriate tone

    and vocabulary for a given

    audience. (AWE 3;
    Awareness of audience and

    discipline)

    Vocabulary and tone are

    inappropriate for the

    audience.

    Vocabulary and tone vary

    throughout the writing, limiting

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Vocabulary and tone communicate key

    concepts that are appropriate for the

    audience.

    ©2023 Walden University 6

    LO10: Apply APA formatting

    and style guidelines. (AWE 3

    awareness of audience and

    discipline and credit to

    source)

    APA formatting and style

    are not present.
    Writing inconsistently uses in-text

    citations and references. Major

    errors in APA style impede

    understanding and/or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    Writing uses in-text citations

    appropriately, includes references when

    applicable, and is formatted according

    to APA style. Minor errors in APA style

    do not impede understanding or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    **## HM4001_CandidateInformation.pdf**

    HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION

    Erica

    ● Education: B.S. in Health Studies
    ● Experience: 4 years in HR, 2 years as medical assistant with current organization
    ● Volunteer Work: Erica has performed extensive global health volunteer work, including

    assisting the running of a community clinic in Kenya. Currently, she mentors small
    business owners in the area who are just starting their enterprise.

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “Erica is the protocol guru. Everybody asks her when there is confusion.”
    ➢ “The time she took to mentor new hires was above and beyond.”
    ➢ “Erica admits she isn’t the best at interpreting data, though she doesn’t hesitate

    to ask for help.”
    ➢ “She’s a bright light who brings inspiration and vision to the department. She’s

    always suggesting new ways to approach or do things.”
    ➢ “Erica requires so little oversight. Although this can be a boon, there are times

    her manager would like her to check in more.”
    ➢ “When there’s overwhelm on the ward, Erica’s calm demeanor always helps to

    redirect the other team members.”
    ➢ “She’s okay at staffing, although it took her a little longer.”

    Kendra

    ● Education: Certificate in Health Management
    ● Experience: 7 years as a medical assistant with current organization
    ● Volunteer Work: Very involved in her neighborhood association, participates in a

    program that provides rides to the elderly to and from doctor’s appointments, errands,
    etc.

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “Kendra is a real self-starter, she doesn’t need a lot of supervision.”
    ➢ “Her family seems like the most important thing to her, and sometimes this

    affects her flexibility at work.”
    ➢ “Other team members prefer to collaborate with Kendra when given a choice.”
    ➢ “Kendra is a rule-follower and a stickler for details. She’s a watchdog for the

    department when it comes to following regulations.“
    ➢ “Kendra was very uncomfortable when she had to run the weekly team meeting.”
    ➢ “She works well with others, always cooperates.”
    ➢ “Kendra helped our department manage resources, and we were able to trim

    extra costs from the budget.”

    Arlo

    ● Education: B.S. in Medical Assistance
    ● Experience: 3 years as a dental hygienist, 15 years as a medical assistant with current

    organization
    ● Volunteer Work: None

    HM4001 CANDIDATE INFORMATION

    ● Comments from managers and coworkers:
    ➢ “He’s too nice to manage people. He can be a pushover.”
    ➢ “Arlo doesn’t like to do things out of order.”
    ➢ “He is very independent.”
    ➢ “He resisted changes in the department. Even though the changes were for the

    better, he was annoyed at having to alter his process.”
    ➢ “Fantastic with patients.”
    ➢ “Arlo is a great trainer and teacher. He has a knack for showing others how to do

    things efficiently.”
    ➢ “Arlo is efficient and pleasant, but he can be hard to read sometimes.”

    **## INSTRUCTIONS.docx**

    **This Assessment requires submission of one email of 3–5 paragraphs, a 1- to 2-page infographic, and a memo of 3 paragraphs.**

    ***Please have to be three separate documents. Thanks**

    To complete this assessment, read the Healthcare Leadership and Management Scenario and complete Parts 1–3 below.

    **Healthcare Leadership and Management Scenario** _You work on a team of medical assistants at a busy children's clinic. The absence of a manager who has been out of the office due to personal illness is causing significant stress in the workplace. HR sees the need for a new manager. As the senior member of your team, you have been asked to participate in the process of writing a job description and hiring a new manager._

    [Part I: Email to Clinic Director](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    _The clinic director has identified a list of responsibilities that he could potentially use within the job description for the manager position, but he wants to gather information from someone who works closely with this department on a regular basis. He asks you to analyze the list of responsibilities and choose 5 that you think are most important. For each of these 5 selected tasks, explain why it is an important responsibility from both a manager and a leader perspective. Draft an email in response to the clinic director’s request that identifies the 5 responsibilities and analyzes each from both perspectives._

    · Setting a department vision

    · Maintaining a smooth relationship with the physicians

    · Overseeing technology acquisition for the department

    · Being an effective spokesperson for the organization

    · Determining strategies for the future

    · Motivating stakeholders

    · Ensuring patient satisfaction

    · Mentoring new hires

    · Fostering collaboration

    · Assisting with budgeting

    · Aligning team with organizational values

    · Facilitating continuing education for staff

    · Training new employees

    · Connecting people across departments

    · Controlling departmental resources

    · Establishing a department mission

    Your email response should be between 3 and 5 paragraphs in length.

    [Part II: Manager and Leader Responsibility Infographic](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    In addition to emailing the clinic director regarding the importance of responsibilities from both a leader and manager perspective, you have also been asked to communicate these important responsibilities to the employees in your department. You decide to create an infographic that explains the responsibilities from both a leader and manager perspective, highlighting the fact that, while not everyone is in a management position, everyone on the team can be a leader in some way.

    Your infographic should be 1–2 pages in length and should include at least one APA-formatted resource that supports your explanation of responsibilities. Although not required, you can use this website to help you create an infographic.
    [https://www.easel.ly/](https://www.easel.ly/)

    [Part III: Response Memo on Evaluation of Candidates](https://tempolearning.brightspace.com/content/enforced/29433-HM4001/Assessment.html)

    The hiring committee has narrowed their search to three candidates from within your current team: Erica, Kendra, and Arlo. You work with each of these candidates on a daily basis, so the hiring committee asks for your evaluation of the candidates and a recommendation for the manager position. Evaluate the three candidates (Erica, Kendra, and Arlo) based on the responsibilities that you feel are most important and the candidate information provided. Write a memo to the clinical director, who is part of the hiring committee, that includes the following:

    · Make a recommendation for one candidate who best displays both manager and leader characteristics. Reference at least 2 responsibilities that were analyzed within your email to the clinical director in Part 1.

    · Reference at least 1 appropriate scholarly resource in APA format that supports your recommendation.

    (Recommended length: 3 paragraphs)

    **## HM4001_Rubric.pdf**

    ©2023 Walden University 1

    HM4001: Manager vs. Leader: Differentiate the characteristics of managers and leaders.

    Assessment Rubric

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    Module 1: The Characteristics of Leaders and Managers

    Part 1: Identify 5 manager

    responsibilities that are most

    important within the children’s

    clinic.

    LO1.1: Identify key managerial
    responsibilities for a job description.

    Response is not present. Email does not clearly identify 5

    responsibilities, or the

    responsibilities listed are not

    from the list provided.

    Email clearly identifies the 5

    responsibilities from the list

    provided that are most

    important.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    LO1.2: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a managerial perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    managerial perspective.

    Part 1: Analyze the importance of

    each of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    LO1.3: Analyze job responsibilities

    from a leadership perspective.

    Response is not present. Email includes an explanation

    that is inaccurate, unclear, or

    incomplete, or fewer than 5

    responsibilities are explained.

    Email accurately, clearly, and

    completely explains each of the

    5 chosen responsibilities from a

    leadership perspective.

    ©2023 Walden University 2

    Part 2: Develop an infographic

    that communicates the

    importance of the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals.

    LO1.4: Create infographic that

    highlights leadership and

    managerial job responsibilities for

    healthcare professionals.

    Response is not present. Infographic does not

    communicate all 5 chosen

    responsibilities, or the

    infographic is unclear or

    incomplete.

    Infographic graphically

    communicates the 5 chosen

    responsibilities to other

    healthcare professionals in a

    clear and complete way.

    Part 2: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within the infographic.

    LO1.5: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Infographic includes a reference

    that is inappropriate or

    improperly formatted.

    Infographic includes at least

    one appropriate reference in

    APA format.

    Part 3: Make a recommendation

    for one candidate who best

    displays both manager and

    leader characteristics. Reference

    at least 2 responsibilities that

    were analyzed within your email

    in Part 1.

    LO1.6: Recommend a candidate

    for a manager position.

    Response is not present. Memo is unclear on a

    recommendation, or the

    recommendation is not properly
    justified based on

    responsibilities identified or

    candidate information.

    Memo clearly recommends one

    candidate and explains the

    decision based on the

    responsibilities identified as well

    as on the candidate

    information.

    ©2023 Walden University 3

    Part 3: Reference at least one

    appropriate resource in APA

    format within a memo.

    LO1.7: Reference appropriate

    resources.

    Response is not present. Memo includes a reference that

    is inappropriate or improperly

    formatted.

    Memo includes at least one

    appropriate reference in APA

    format.

    Exceeds Expectations: In-Depth Analysis

    No Yes

    Learning Objective: Analyze
    responsibilities and

    characteristics that differentiate

    managers and leaders in

    healthcare settings.

    Responses do not include evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that reflect well-

    developed and detailed comparisons of leader and

    manager perspectives. Strong rationale is not

    supported by professional literature. Infographic does

    not present information in a cogent and/or engaging

    way or does not include well-documented sources.

    References and/or citations do not entirely follow APA

    guidelines.

    Responses include substantive evaluations of

    responsibilities and recommendations that

    reflect well-developed and detailed comparisons

    of leader and manager perspectives. Strong

    rationale supported by professional literature is

    provided. Infographic presents information in a

    cogent and/or engaging way and includes well-

    documented sources. Email and memo are

    written in an engaging and informative manner.

    The infographic is creative and interesting to the

    audience. References and citations follow APA

    formatting and are used effectively in the email,

    memo, and infographic.

    ©2023 Walden University 4

    Written Communication: Write with clarity, coherence, and purpose.

    0 Not

    Present
    1

    Needs Improvement

    2

    Meets Expectations

    LO1: Construct complete and

    correct sentences (AWE
    2; Sentence Level Skills)

    Sentences are incoherent

    and impede reader’s

    access to ideas.

    Sentences are incomplete and/or

    include fragments and run-on

    sentences, limiting reader’s access

    to ideas.

    Sentences structure effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    LO2: Demonstrate the

    effective use of grammar and

    mechanics. (AWE 2;

    Sentence Level Skills)

    Multiple inaccuracies in

    grammar and mechanics

    impede reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Some inaccuracies in grammar and

    mechanics limit reader’s access to

    ideas.

    Use of grammar and mechanics is

    straightforward and effectively conveys

    meaning to the reader.

    ©2023 Walden University 5

    LO3: Create cohesive

    paragraphs with a clear

    central idea. (AWE 2;

    Paragraph Level Skills)

    Paragraphs, or lack of

    paragraphs, impede

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Construction of main idea and/or

    supporting paragraphs limit

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Main idea and/or supporting

    paragraphs effectively convey meaning

    to the reader.

    LO4: Use supporting material

    to support a claim. (AWE 2;

    Use of Evidence)

    Supporting materials are

    not present.
    Supporting material is used

    inconsistently or inappropriately.
    Supporting material is used to enhance

    meaning. Writing is appropriately

    paraphrased and uses direct quotes as

    applicable.

    LO6: Identify sources (AWE

    2; Credit to source)

    Sources are missing. Writing inconsistently identifies or

    misrepresents sources.
    Writing clearly identifies the source of

    nonoriginal material and/or ideas.

    LO8: Use transitions to

    connect ideas. (AWE 3;

    essay-level skills)

    Transitions are not

    present.
    Transitions are used inconsistently

    or limit reader’s access to ideas.
    Writing conveys a cohesive idea

    through the effective use of transitions.

    LO9: Use appropriate tone

    and vocabulary for a given

    audience. (AWE 3;
    Awareness of audience and

    discipline)

    Vocabulary and tone are

    inappropriate for the

    audience.

    Vocabulary and tone vary

    throughout the writing, limiting

    reader’s access to ideas.

    Vocabulary and tone communicate key

    concepts that are appropriate for the

    audience.

    ©2023 Walden University 6

    LO10: Apply APA formatting

    and style guidelines. (AWE 3

    awareness of audience and

    discipline and credit to

    source)

    APA formatting and style

    are not present.
    Writing inconsistently uses in-text

    citations and references. Major

    errors in APA style impede

    understanding and/or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

    Writing uses in-text citations

    appropriately, includes references when

    applicable, and is formatted according

    to APA style. Minor errors in APA style

    do not impede understanding or violate

    standards for academic integrity.

  • [Solved] Biography of Journalist C Wright Mills

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    [>Sociology homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/social-science-sociology) 1 – What does Mills mean by private orbits? Read [biography](http://sociology.about.com/od/Profiles/p/C-Wright-Mills.htm) of C. Wright Mills https://www.thoughtco.com/c-wright-mills-3026486 – [\ \ ShortEssaySCO1…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    [>Sociology homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/social-science-sociology)

    1 – What does Mills mean by private orbits?

    Read [biography](http://sociology.about.com/od/Profiles/p/C-Wright-Mills.htm) of C. Wright Mills

    https://www.thoughtco.com/c-wright-mills-3026486

    – [\
    \
    ShortEssaySCO100.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/shortessaysco100-docx "ShortEssaySCO100.docx")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] HM01

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## IneedtotalkaboutManagervsLeader.docx **## IneedtotalkaboutManagervsLeader.docx** I need to talk about Manager vs Leader. APA STYLE , and in your own world. 200 word As you work through this Competency, you may have questions, comments, or discover connections to curr…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## IneedtotalkaboutManagervsLeader.docx

    **## IneedtotalkaboutManagervsLeader.docx**

    I need to talk about Manager vs Leader. APA STYLE , and in your own world. 200 word

    As you work through this Competency, you may have questions, comments, or discover connections to current events related to Competency topics. The Competency Conversations topic is an optional area available for you to interact with your peers regarding the academic content.

    Healthcare management depends on both leaders and managers to provide patient-centered care, to maintain operations, and to keep the healthcare organization moving in a positive direction. But what are the characteristics, duties, and competencies that distinguish a healthcare management leader from a healthcare manager? Do managers need to be leaders, and must leaders always be managers? What are the areas of overlap between the two? In addition to exploring these distinctions and areas of overlap, you will examine the historical and theoretical perspectives on leadership that shape the roles and responsibilities of both leaders and managers.

    Competency Statement: Differentiate the characteristics of managers and leaders.

    **## IneedtotalkaboutManagervsLeader.docx**

    I need to talk about Manager vs Leader. APA STYLE , and in your own world. 200 word

    As you work through this Competency, you may have questions, comments, or discover connections to current events related to Competency topics. The Competency Conversations topic is an optional area available for you to interact with your peers regarding the academic content.

    Healthcare management depends on both leaders and managers to provide patient-centered care, to maintain operations, and to keep the healthcare organization moving in a positive direction. But what are the characteristics, duties, and competencies that distinguish a healthcare management leader from a healthcare manager? Do managers need to be leaders, and must leaders always be managers? What are the areas of overlap between the two? In addition to exploring these distinctions and areas of overlap, you will examine the historical and theoretical perspectives on leadership that shape the roles and responsibilities of both leaders and managers.

    Competency Statement: Differentiate the characteristics of managers and leaders.

  • [Solved] Healthcare services delivery and law courrse for graduate program U.S.A

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    Attached document study 4 questions – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## MHA516-AsynchronousCourseBuild-CaseStudy2FINAL.docx **## MHA516-AsynchronousCourseBuild-CaseStudy2FINAL.docx** Name: _____________________________ Case Study #3 ## H 516 ## Health Care Service Delivery …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    Attached document  study 4 questions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## MHA516-AsynchronousCourseBuild-CaseStudy2FINAL.docx

    **## MHA516-AsynchronousCourseBuild-CaseStudy2FINAL.docx**

    Name: _____________________________

    Case Study #3

    ## H 516

    ## Health Care Service Delivery & the Law

    ### Case Study #2

    ## Instructions:

    The case study below is designed to test your ability to issue spot and apply the legal principles discussed in the course to isolated fact patterns. Questions, issues, and, importantly, responses may be pulled from all of the Course Materials (e.g. lectures, readings, etc.). You may use your notes, your book, the slide decks, the internet. But you cannot consult one another or otherwise coordinate with each other in any way. In addition, you cannot use any type of Artificial Intelligence program or software (e.g., ChatGPT).

    You are to approach each question as if you are corporate and/or individual counsel engaged by your client to identify the legal issues involved in each fact pattern below. There are no word limits for responses, however in rendering your advice you should endeavor to be accurate and concise (e.g. you will not be awarded extra points for providing additional analysis that is not applicable to the situation at hand). Answers receiving full points will (1) correctly identify all applicable legal issues; (2) summarize the rule(s) applied to each legal issue; and (3) correctly apply the rule to the fact pattern at hand.

    ## Rubric:

    Each subpart of the Case Study will be graded on a Point Scale ranging from 5 (Full Points) to 0. The rubric below sets forth how each response will be analyzed and graded. Partial points will not be awarded.

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | **Point Total** | **Description** |
    | **5** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and correctly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern to provide the correct response for all subcomponents of the question. The Student’s answer is complete and concise. |
    | **4** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and correctly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern to provide the correct response for all subcomponents of the question. |
    | **3** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and correctly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern. |
    | **2** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and incorrectly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern. |
    | **1** | Student fails to identify the major issue(s) and incorrectly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern. |
    | **0** | Student does not attempt to answer the question and/or it is determined student utilized artificial intelligence software (e.g. ChatGPT) in the preparation of their answer. |

    ## Question 1 (20 points)

    Patient is admitted to the hospital with severe headaches. Patient initially seems to have all his mental faculties, but the nurses notice that while he understands the diagnoses of his symptoms as the nurses communicate them, he has trouble remembering certain facts (such as his wife's name or the last time IU made the NCAA tournament). The longer the day goes on he has trouble speaking in coherent sentences when talking to the nursing staff and physicians.

    Will this patient be deemed to have decisional capacity? Discuss what factors will be considered by the physician, and how those appear to cut in this case?

    Assume that the patient has become incapacitated and has not executed an advance directive naming a Health Care Representative or Health Care Power of Attorney. Knowing that the patient's health has been deteriorating throughout the day, the patient's wife and only sister are at the hospital when the physician recommends that the patient undergo surgery because the benefits of the surgery would outweigh the risks of not having the surgery. The patient's sister agrees with the physician's recommendation, but the wife disagrees because she can't bear the thought of her husband undergoing surgery. The physician calls you to ask whether she can perform the surgery. What do you tell the physician? What steps do you take to reach that conclusion?

    Assume the patient has become incapacitated, has not executed an advance directive naming a Health Care Representative or Health Care Power of Attorney, and the sister tells you that the wife just recently filed for a petition for dissolution of marriage in court. Does this change your answer in (b)? Why or why not?

    Assume the patient has become incapacitated, but has executed an advance directive naming his sister as his Health Care Representative. Does this change your answer in (b)? Why or why not?

    ## Question 2 (15 points)

    Rob Knight, avid Purdue fan living in Indianapolis, hits the bars hard the night after Purdue loses yet another basketball game. The next morning, he has a raging headache and asks one of his roommates to take him to the nearest hospital emergency room (which happens to be an IU Health facility). Other than a massive headache, there does not seem to be anything wrong with Rob.

    1. What obligation does the hospital have to Rob Knight under these circumstances?

    While IU Health Hospital properly completes its obligations (as you've just described), they discover that Rob has what they believe to be Purdue-Basketball-phobia (fear of rooting for a team that never fulfills expectations). However, to their relief it is determined that when Rob Knight was out drowning his sorrows, he fell and hit his head (as he is in severe pain).

    What additional obligations does this discovery create for the hospital?

    Rob is such a huge Purdue fan and so sick about the mounting losses that he can't stand to be at the IU Health Hospital and demands that he be transferred to another hospital where he will not have to look at IU logos at every turn.

    Can IU Health Hospital transfer Rob as he requests? What criteria must they consider, and how might those criteria cut in this case?

    ## Question 3 (15 points)

    A medium sized county hospital (Hospital) enters into an arrangement with a local cardiologist (who regularly practices at the hospital) for the provision of call coverage services at the Hospital. The hospital will pay the cardiologist $500 per day for call coverage, which is fairly standard in the industry for this type of call coverage. The parties draft a contract which has a term of 1 year.

    1. Do these payments implicate the Stark Law? Why or why not?

    Assume the Stark Law is implicated, what needs to be done to ensure compliance with the Stark Law, and please explain how the current facts help meet compliance, and what additional facts you'd want to be sure of to ensure compliance with the Stark Law?

    Do we have a legal problem under the Anti-kickback statute? Why or why not? If you need more information, what do you need to know, and why?

    ## Question 4 (20 Points)

    Horizon Health System is embarking on an ambitious plan to expand its services with the establishment of a new hospital. The Board of Directors at Horizon feels that this was allow the entities to vastly expand the patient populations they serve, however, its administrative team does not have any experience with opening a new facility and has come to you with threshold questions about the regulatory and reimbursement environments that .

    a. Assume that Horizon Health System operates in a state that requires hospital licensure. How can their new hospital ensure continued compliance with licensure laws?

    b. What steps must the hospital take before it can participate in the Medicare program?

    c. Do you recommend that the hospital be accredited by an accreditation organization approved by CMS or wait for a State Agency survey?

    d. What methods of payment will be used for inpatient services provided at the hospital? What about for outpatient hospital services?

    **## MHA516-AsynchronousCourseBuild-CaseStudy2FINAL.docx**

    Name: _____________________________

    Case Study #3

    ## H 516

    ## Health Care Service Delivery & the Law

    ### Case Study #2

    ## Instructions:

    The case study below is designed to test your ability to issue spot and apply the legal principles discussed in the course to isolated fact patterns. Questions, issues, and, importantly, responses may be pulled from all of the Course Materials (e.g. lectures, readings, etc.). You may use your notes, your book, the slide decks, the internet. But you cannot consult one another or otherwise coordinate with each other in any way. In addition, you cannot use any type of Artificial Intelligence program or software (e.g., ChatGPT).

    You are to approach each question as if you are corporate and/or individual counsel engaged by your client to identify the legal issues involved in each fact pattern below. There are no word limits for responses, however in rendering your advice you should endeavor to be accurate and concise (e.g. you will not be awarded extra points for providing additional analysis that is not applicable to the situation at hand). Answers receiving full points will (1) correctly identify all applicable legal issues; (2) summarize the rule(s) applied to each legal issue; and (3) correctly apply the rule to the fact pattern at hand.

    ## Rubric:

    Each subpart of the Case Study will be graded on a Point Scale ranging from 5 (Full Points) to 0. The rubric below sets forth how each response will be analyzed and graded. Partial points will not be awarded.

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | **Point Total** | **Description** |
    | **5** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and correctly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern to provide the correct response for all subcomponents of the question. The Student’s answer is complete and concise. |
    | **4** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and correctly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern to provide the correct response for all subcomponents of the question. |
    | **3** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and correctly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern. |
    | **2** | Student accurately identifies all major issue(s) and incorrectly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern. |
    | **1** | Student fails to identify the major issue(s) and incorrectly applies the legal analysis to the fact pattern. |
    | **0** | Student does not attempt to answer the question and/or it is determined student utilized artificial intelligence software (e.g. ChatGPT) in the preparation of their answer. |

    ## Question 1 (20 points)

    Patient is admitted to the hospital with severe headaches. Patient initially seems to have all his mental faculties, but the nurses notice that while he understands the diagnoses of his symptoms as the nurses communicate them, he has trouble remembering certain facts (such as his wife's name or the last time IU made the NCAA tournament). The longer the day goes on he has trouble speaking in coherent sentences when talking to the nursing staff and physicians.

    Will this patient be deemed to have decisional capacity? Discuss what factors will be considered by the physician, and how those appear to cut in this case?

    Assume that the patient has become incapacitated and has not executed an advance directive naming a Health Care Representative or Health Care Power of Attorney. Knowing that the patient's health has been deteriorating throughout the day, the patient's wife and only sister are at the hospital when the physician recommends that the patient undergo surgery because the benefits of the surgery would outweigh the risks of not having the surgery. The patient's sister agrees with the physician's recommendation, but the wife disagrees because she can't bear the thought of her husband undergoing surgery. The physician calls you to ask whether she can perform the surgery. What do you tell the physician? What steps do you take to reach that conclusion?

    Assume the patient has become incapacitated, has not executed an advance directive naming a Health Care Representative or Health Care Power of Attorney, and the sister tells you that the wife just recently filed for a petition for dissolution of marriage in court. Does this change your answer in (b)? Why or why not?

    Assume the patient has become incapacitated, but has executed an advance directive naming his sister as his Health Care Representative. Does this change your answer in (b)? Why or why not?

    ## Question 2 (15 points)

    Rob Knight, avid Purdue fan living in Indianapolis, hits the bars hard the night after Purdue loses yet another basketball game. The next morning, he has a raging headache and asks one of his roommates to take him to the nearest hospital emergency room (which happens to be an IU Health facility). Other than a massive headache, there does not seem to be anything wrong with Rob.

    1. What obligation does the hospital have to Rob Knight under these circumstances?

    While IU Health Hospital properly completes its obligations (as you've just described), they discover that Rob has what they believe to be Purdue-Basketball-phobia (fear of rooting for a team that never fulfills expectations). However, to their relief it is determined that when Rob Knight was out drowning his sorrows, he fell and hit his head (as he is in severe pain).

    What additional obligations does this discovery create for the hospital?

    Rob is such a huge Purdue fan and so sick about the mounting losses that he can't stand to be at the IU Health Hospital and demands that he be transferred to another hospital where he will not have to look at IU logos at every turn.

    Can IU Health Hospital transfer Rob as he requests? What criteria must they consider, and how might those criteria cut in this case?

    ## Question 3 (15 points)

    A medium sized county hospital (Hospital) enters into an arrangement with a local cardiologist (who regularly practices at the hospital) for the provision of call coverage services at the Hospital. The hospital will pay the cardiologist $500 per day for call coverage, which is fairly standard in the industry for this type of call coverage. The parties draft a contract which has a term of 1 year.

    1. Do these payments implicate the Stark Law? Why or why not?

    Assume the Stark Law is implicated, what needs to be done to ensure compliance with the Stark Law, and please explain how the current facts help meet compliance, and what additional facts you'd want to be sure of to ensure compliance with the Stark Law?

    Do we have a legal problem under the Anti-kickback statute? Why or why not? If you need more information, what do you need to know, and why?

    ## Question 4 (20 Points)

    Horizon Health System is embarking on an ambitious plan to expand its services with the establishment of a new hospital. The Board of Directors at Horizon feels that this was allow the entities to vastly expand the patient populations they serve, however, its administrative team does not have any experience with opening a new facility and has come to you with threshold questions about the regulatory and reimbursement environments that .

    a. Assume that Horizon Health System operates in a state that requires hospital licensure. How can their new hospital ensure continued compliance with licensure laws?

    b. What steps must the hospital take before it can participate in the Medicare program?

    c. Do you recommend that the hospital be accredited by an accreditation organization approved by CMS or wait for a State Agency survey?

    d. What methods of payment will be used for inpatient services provided at the hospital? What about for outpatient hospital services?

  • [Solved] GrCA fEB 15 2025

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    – 2 years ago **files (4)** – ## 2REVIEW-cStudentSampleObj.Summ.2024-20252.docx – ## FirstObjectiveSummary.docx – ## literaturereviewfab222025.docx – ## 2REVIEW-dStudentSamplePart2LitRev_2024-20251.pdf **## 2REVIEW-cStudentSampleObj.Summ.2024-20252.docx** | | | | — | — | | | 1 | | | | | — | -…

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    **files (4)**

    – ## 2REVIEW-cStudentSampleObj.Summ.2024-20252.docx

    – ## FirstObjectiveSummary.docx

    – ## literaturereviewfab222025.docx

    – ## 2REVIEW-dStudentSamplePart2LitRev_2024-20251.pdf

    **## 2REVIEW-cStudentSampleObj.Summ.2024-20252.docx**

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    | — | — |
    | | 1 |

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | 4 |

    ****Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States****

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    **Color coding: who, when, where, why, how methodology**
    **_&_ how process, what**

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 in the United States, France, Spain, and the Netherlands to examine the efficiency of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A systematic review was used to collect data from studies of mostly non-Caucasian women from low-income population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation. Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al. 2021). The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings. The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et al. 2021).

    **References**

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A systematic review.
    _Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32_(1), 119-136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | | | |

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | | | |

    **## FirstObjectiveSummary.docx**

    **CLASS/HW: First Objective Summary [graded within 24 hours]**

    **PREP TASKS**

    **(1) READ:** This assignment is not a working final document assignment; however, it will eventually make its way to the working final document–just not yet.

    For this submission, you will need to create a new WORD document and you are expected to demonstrate the following
    **compounded skills from previous weeks**, in addition to the
    **new skills learned this week** and through the later
    **Prep Tasks** below:

    ·
    **APA 7 Basics**: double-spaced, before and after set to zero; 1 inch margins all around; Times New Roman, 12 pt font; page numbers, upper right in header

    · Page 1 =
    **APA 7 Title Page**: your title can be something along the lines of, "Objective Summary of Prevalence Research Article" — of course, it will be worded to be relevant to YOUR relevant research variable

    · Page 2 =
    **Your objective summary** written as an academic paragraph (indented and full sentences) and color-coded with the designated colored font for each component.
    Use your EXCEL Research Tracker to help you summarize one of your research articles in your own words:

    _hint: copy this color chart into your Word document where you will write these, so you remember!_

    WHO = Dark BLUE

    WHY = PURPLE

    WHEN = RED

    WHERE = GREEN

    HOW + Process = ORANGE

    WHAT = Lighter BLUE

    · Page 3 = Your
    **APA 7 References Page** (with only the research article you summarized)

    **(2) REVIEW:** Open the following student sample document. Be sure yours looks similar prior to proceeding.

    **(2) REVIEW – c Student Sample Obj. Summ. (2024-2025) (2).docx**

    **SUBMISSION REQUIREMENT TASKS**

    **(1) PLAGIARISM CHECKERS:** Review the following document to learn how to meet the newly implemented submission requirements that will be expected for each written assignment in the remaining weeks:

    **SUBMISSION TASK (1) plagiarism checkers (2) (1).pptx**

    **(2) CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY:**

    · Submit your assignment into the CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY HERE folder

    · Evaluate EVERY highlighted text EXCEPT the References Page and in-text citations to ensure it links only back to
    your own work.

    **(3) TAKE YOUR AI TEXT DETECTOR SCREENSHOT:**

    · Paste your written text into this FREE AI Text Detector: Click here –>
    [Scribbr AI Text Detector](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)

    · Take a screenshot of your text and the percentage
    **(NOT TO EXCEED 10%).** You will have to take multiple screenshots if your document is over 500 words.

    **(4) FINALIZE:** Make sure your screenshot looks like the screenshot below.

    **SUBMISSION (4) Scribbr Screenshot (3).pdf**

    **(5) SUBMIT:** Attach your AI screenshot(s) WITH your WORD document submission. You will be attaching 2 documents in the submission box:
    **(1) the screenshot first, then (2) your assignment WITH title and references pages.**

    **## literaturereviewfab222025.docx**

    You cannot complete this assignment successfully without writing a successful objective summary from last class.

    If you earned less than an 85% on your first objective summary, you must copy my comments from that assignment, and assure me you dealt with any issues, and HIGHLIGHT the changes you make, THEN ensure you do not repeat these errors for your new objective summaries for the task below.

    —————————————————————————————————————————————————————-

    **PREP TASKS**

    **(1) READ:** This assignment is a working final document assignment.

    For this submission, you are expected to demonstrate the following
    **compounded skills from previous weeks:**

    ·
    **APA 7 Basics**: double-spaced, before and after set to zero; 1 inch margins all around; Times New Roman, 12 pt font; page numbers, upper right in header

    ·
    **Title & References pages**

    ·
    **Narrative and parenthetical in-text citation control of single-sourced paragraphs**

    ·
    **Transitional phrases**

    ·
    **Paraphrasing**

    **(2) REVIEW:** Your work must look like the sample below:

    **(2) REVIEW – d Student Sample Part 2 Lit Rev_ (2024-2025) (1).pdf**

    **(3) OPEN UP YOUR '**
    **_WORKING DOCUMENT_' WE SAVED IN W. 6:**

    ·
    **a.** Rename this document as "W.7 – Working Final Exam Document" or similar.

    ·
    **b.** Give your paper a name now and update it on your Title Page.

    **(4) PRE-SET YOUR LEVEL HEADERS:** Avoid mistakes later and use the sample below to set up proper level headers in your working final document.

    **W. 7 Working Doc Set Up – Level Headers (2024-2025) (1) (1).docx**

    **(5) WORK ON YOUR SUBMISSION:**

    · Go back to your Week 6 objective summary submissions to review any of my yellow notes, comments, and the rubric to update your document.

    · Put your summaries in an order that makes sense given how you compare and contrast them using your
    _who, when, where, why, how,_ and
    _what_ EXCEL Research Tracker.

    ·
    _Use your transition compare and contrast words (similar to…etc) – when you use these words,_
    _**please be sure to say somewhere HOW are they similar, etc.**_

    **5a. USE:**

    **(5a.) USE – compare and contrast words (1).pdf**

    —————————————————————————————————————————————————————–

    **SUBMISSION REQUIREMENT TASKS**

    **(1) CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY:**

    · Submit your assignment into the CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY HERE folder

    · Evaluate EVERY highlighted text EXCEPT the References Page and in-text citations to ensure it links only back to
    your own work.

    **(2) TAKE YOUR AI TEXT DETECTOR SCREENSHOT:**

    · Paste your written text into this FREE AI Text Detector: Click here –>
    [Scribbr AI Text Detector](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)

    · Take a screenshot of your text and the percentage
    **(NOT TO EXCEED 30%),** one for each objective summary written.

    **(3) FINALIZE:** Make sure your screenshot looks like the screenshot below.

    **(4) SUBMIT:** Attach your AI screenshot(s) WITH your WORD document submission. You will be attaching 2 documents in the submission box:
    **(1) the screenshot(s) first, then (2) your assignment**.

    **## 2REVIEW-dStudentSamplePart2LitRev_2024-20251.pdf**

    1

    Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    2

    Literature Review

    Review of Literature

    Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Factors

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency

    of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal

    death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A

    systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the

    Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income

    population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation.

    Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented

    prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al., 2021).

    The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a

    combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm

    birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on

    enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings.

    The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable

    population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions

    were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et

    al., 2021).

    Similar observations were made in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2020),

    between 2006 and 2018 to examine the methods used to improve the results of maternal

    mortality in California. The study was conducted using a scoping review to evaluate research on

    3

    women and maternal health in the United States. The researchers used information from the US

    Maternal Fetal Medicine Network to measure the percentage of studies where pregnant women,

    women, and children were the main focus. The researchers also reviewed documentation on

    healthcare policies and practices from California’s public health department, healthcare

    foundation, and Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Nichols and Cohen (2020) found that

    although the health of fetus and children could be adversely affected by the health of the mother,

    the majority of maternal programs in the United States places emphasis on the child. The

    researchers also found four areas of concern in women health experiences, both in pre and

    postnatal care. The problem areas entailed inadequate investment in women's health, inefficient

    quality of care and avoidable caesarean delivers, expanding disparities in minority women and

    women living in rural areas, and contradictory collection and distribution of data (Nichols &

    Cohen, 2020).

    Approaches to Improving Pregnancy Outcomes

    In contrast to the preceding studies, Zhang et al. (2013) conducted a study between 2005

    and 2007 to calculate the excessive rate of unfavorable outcomes in pregnancy within racial and

    ethnic groups. The study also aimed to measure the possibility of Medicaid savings that are

    linked to paid maternal care claims resulting from the inequalities that contribute to unfavorable

    maternal outcomes. A cross-sectional study using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data was

    used to gather pregnancy outcome information from inpatient hospitals from 14 states (Florida,

    Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Maryland,

    Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas). The study consisted of a little over 2

    million patients who were insured with Medicaid and had a delivery code of maternal delivery

    stay. Zhang et al. (2013) found that, with the exception of gestational diabetes, African American

    4

    women showed the worst outcomes out of all unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. These disparities

    are postulated as being multi-factorial, having causes stemming from complicated experiences

    with racism, poverty, and complex healthcare interactions. It was also found that women covered

    under Medicaid health insurance were more likely to have consistency in care from prenatal care

    through delivery compared to their counterparts. However, due to participation in Medicaid

    programs being influenced by reimbursement rates, some providers may choose to stop

    accepting Medicaid patients because of reimbursement delays and low payment rates, which

    could contribute to negative birth outcomes (Zhang et al., 2013).

    5

    References

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal

    care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A

    systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119-

    136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-

    targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2020). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States:

    Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy,

    42(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9

    Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are

    growing. New York Times, A20(L).

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    ITOF&xid=b9422ff9

    Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in

    economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Maternal and

    Child Health Journal, 17(8), 1518+.

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A344827866/PPNU?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    PPNU&xid=51747d52

    **## 2REVIEW-dStudentSamplePart2LitRev_2024-20251.pdf**

    1

    Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    2

    Literature Review

    Review of Literature

    Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Factors

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency

    of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal

    death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A

    systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the

    Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income

    population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation.

    Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented

    prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al., 2021).

    The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a

    combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm

    birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on

    enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings.

    The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable

    population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions

    were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et

    al., 2021).

    Similar observations were made in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2020),

    between 2006 and 2018 to examine the methods used to improve the results of maternal

    mortality in California. The study was conducted using a scoping review to evaluate research on

    3

    women and maternal health in the United States. The researchers used information from the US

    Maternal Fetal Medicine Network to measure the percentage of studies where pregnant women,

    women, and children were the main focus. The researchers also reviewed documentation on

    healthcare policies and practices from California’s public health department, healthcare

    foundation, and Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Nichols and Cohen (2020) found that

    although the health of fetus and children could be adversely affected by the health of the mother,

    the majority of maternal programs in the United States places emphasis on the child. The

    researchers also found four areas of concern in women health experiences, both in pre and

    postnatal care. The problem areas entailed inadequate investment in women's health, inefficient

    quality of care and avoidable caesarean delivers, expanding disparities in minority women and

    women living in rural areas, and contradictory collection and distribution of data (Nichols &

    Cohen, 2020).

    Approaches to Improving Pregnancy Outcomes

    In contrast to the preceding studies, Zhang et al. (2013) conducted a study between 2005

    and 2007 to calculate the excessive rate of unfavorable outcomes in pregnancy within racial and

    ethnic groups. The study also aimed to measure the possibility of Medicaid savings that are

    linked to paid maternal care claims resulting from the inequalities that contribute to unfavorable

    maternal outcomes. A cross-sectional study using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data was

    used to gather pregnancy outcome information from inpatient hospitals from 14 states (Florida,

    Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Maryland,

    Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas). The study consisted of a little over 2

    million patients who were insured with Medicaid and had a delivery code of maternal delivery

    stay. Zhang et al. (2013) found that, with the exception of gestational diabetes, African American

    4

    women showed the worst outcomes out of all unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. These disparities

    are postulated as being multi-factorial, having causes stemming from complicated experiences

    with racism, poverty, and complex healthcare interactions. It was also found that women covered

    under Medicaid health insurance were more likely to have consistency in care from prenatal care

    through delivery compared to their counterparts. However, due to participation in Medicaid

    programs being influenced by reimbursement rates, some providers may choose to stop

    accepting Medicaid patients because of reimbursement delays and low payment rates, which

    could contribute to negative birth outcomes (Zhang et al., 2013).

    5

    References

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal

    care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A

    systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119-

    136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-

    targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2020). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States:

    Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy,

    42(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9

    Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are

    growing. New York Times, A20(L).

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    ITOF&xid=b9422ff9

    Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in

    economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Maternal and

    Child Health Journal, 17(8), 1518+.

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A344827866/PPNU?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    PPNU&xid=51747d52

    **## 2REVIEW-cStudentSampleObj.Summ.2024-20252.docx**

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | 1 |

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | 4 |

    ****Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States****

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    **Color coding: who, when, where, why, how methodology**
    **_&_ how process, what**

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 in the United States, France, Spain, and the Netherlands to examine the efficiency of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A systematic review was used to collect data from studies of mostly non-Caucasian women from low-income population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation. Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al. 2021). The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings. The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et al. 2021).

    **References**

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A systematic review.
    _Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32_(1), 119-136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | | | |

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | | | |

    **## FirstObjectiveSummary.docx**

    **CLASS/HW: First Objective Summary [graded within 24 hours]**

    **PREP TASKS**

    **(1) READ:** This assignment is not a working final document assignment; however, it will eventually make its way to the working final document–just not yet.

    For this submission, you will need to create a new WORD document and you are expected to demonstrate the following
    **compounded skills from previous weeks**, in addition to the
    **new skills learned this week** and through the later
    **Prep Tasks** below:

    ·
    **APA 7 Basics**: double-spaced, before and after set to zero; 1 inch margins all around; Times New Roman, 12 pt font; page numbers, upper right in header

    · Page 1 =
    **APA 7 Title Page**: your title can be something along the lines of, "Objective Summary of Prevalence Research Article" — of course, it will be worded to be relevant to YOUR relevant research variable

    · Page 2 =
    **Your objective summary** written as an academic paragraph (indented and full sentences) and color-coded with the designated colored font for each component.
    Use your EXCEL Research Tracker to help you summarize one of your research articles in your own words:

    _hint: copy this color chart into your Word document where you will write these, so you remember!_

    WHO = Dark BLUE

    WHY = PURPLE

    WHEN = RED

    WHERE = GREEN

    HOW + Process = ORANGE

    WHAT = Lighter BLUE

    · Page 3 = Your
    **APA 7 References Page** (with only the research article you summarized)

    **(2) REVIEW:** Open the following student sample document. Be sure yours looks similar prior to proceeding.

    **(2) REVIEW – c Student Sample Obj. Summ. (2024-2025) (2).docx**

    **SUBMISSION REQUIREMENT TASKS**

    **(1) PLAGIARISM CHECKERS:** Review the following document to learn how to meet the newly implemented submission requirements that will be expected for each written assignment in the remaining weeks:

    **SUBMISSION TASK (1) plagiarism checkers (2) (1).pptx**

    **(2) CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY:**

    · Submit your assignment into the CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY HERE folder

    · Evaluate EVERY highlighted text EXCEPT the References Page and in-text citations to ensure it links only back to
    your own work.

    **(3) TAKE YOUR AI TEXT DETECTOR SCREENSHOT:**

    · Paste your written text into this FREE AI Text Detector: Click here –>
    [Scribbr AI Text Detector](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)

    · Take a screenshot of your text and the percentage
    **(NOT TO EXCEED 10%).** You will have to take multiple screenshots if your document is over 500 words.

    **(4) FINALIZE:** Make sure your screenshot looks like the screenshot below.

    **SUBMISSION (4) Scribbr Screenshot (3).pdf**

    **(5) SUBMIT:** Attach your AI screenshot(s) WITH your WORD document submission. You will be attaching 2 documents in the submission box:
    **(1) the screenshot first, then (2) your assignment WITH title and references pages.**

    **## literaturereviewfab222025.docx**

    You cannot complete this assignment successfully without writing a successful objective summary from last class.

    If you earned less than an 85% on your first objective summary, you must copy my comments from that assignment, and assure me you dealt with any issues, and HIGHLIGHT the changes you make, THEN ensure you do not repeat these errors for your new objective summaries for the task below.

    —————————————————————————————————————————————————————-

    **PREP TASKS**

    **(1) READ:** This assignment is a working final document assignment.

    For this submission, you are expected to demonstrate the following
    **compounded skills from previous weeks:**

    ·
    **APA 7 Basics**: double-spaced, before and after set to zero; 1 inch margins all around; Times New Roman, 12 pt font; page numbers, upper right in header

    ·
    **Title & References pages**

    ·
    **Narrative and parenthetical in-text citation control of single-sourced paragraphs**

    ·
    **Transitional phrases**

    ·
    **Paraphrasing**

    **(2) REVIEW:** Your work must look like the sample below:

    **(2) REVIEW – d Student Sample Part 2 Lit Rev_ (2024-2025) (1).pdf**

    **(3) OPEN UP YOUR '**
    **_WORKING DOCUMENT_' WE SAVED IN W. 6:**

    ·
    **a.** Rename this document as "W.7 – Working Final Exam Document" or similar.

    ·
    **b.** Give your paper a name now and update it on your Title Page.

    **(4) PRE-SET YOUR LEVEL HEADERS:** Avoid mistakes later and use the sample below to set up proper level headers in your working final document.

    **W. 7 Working Doc Set Up – Level Headers (2024-2025) (1) (1).docx**

    **(5) WORK ON YOUR SUBMISSION:**

    · Go back to your Week 6 objective summary submissions to review any of my yellow notes, comments, and the rubric to update your document.

    · Put your summaries in an order that makes sense given how you compare and contrast them using your
    _who, when, where, why, how,_ and
    _what_ EXCEL Research Tracker.

    ·
    _Use your transition compare and contrast words (similar to…etc) – when you use these words,_
    _**please be sure to say somewhere HOW are they similar, etc.**_

    **5a. USE:**

    **(5a.) USE – compare and contrast words (1).pdf**

    —————————————————————————————————————————————————————–

    **SUBMISSION REQUIREMENT TASKS**

    **(1) CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY:**

    · Submit your assignment into the CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY HERE folder

    · Evaluate EVERY highlighted text EXCEPT the References Page and in-text citations to ensure it links only back to
    your own work.

    **(2) TAKE YOUR AI TEXT DETECTOR SCREENSHOT:**

    · Paste your written text into this FREE AI Text Detector: Click here –>
    [Scribbr AI Text Detector](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)

    · Take a screenshot of your text and the percentage
    **(NOT TO EXCEED 30%),** one for each objective summary written.

    **(3) FINALIZE:** Make sure your screenshot looks like the screenshot below.

    **(4) SUBMIT:** Attach your AI screenshot(s) WITH your WORD document submission. You will be attaching 2 documents in the submission box:
    **(1) the screenshot(s) first, then (2) your assignment**.

    **## 2REVIEW-dStudentSamplePart2LitRev_2024-20251.pdf**

    1

    Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    2

    Literature Review

    Review of Literature

    Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Factors

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency

    of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal

    death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A

    systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the

    Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income

    population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation.

    Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented

    prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al., 2021).

    The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a

    combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm

    birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on

    enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings.

    The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable

    population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions

    were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et

    al., 2021).

    Similar observations were made in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2020),

    between 2006 and 2018 to examine the methods used to improve the results of maternal

    mortality in California. The study was conducted using a scoping review to evaluate research on

    3

    women and maternal health in the United States. The researchers used information from the US

    Maternal Fetal Medicine Network to measure the percentage of studies where pregnant women,

    women, and children were the main focus. The researchers also reviewed documentation on

    healthcare policies and practices from California’s public health department, healthcare

    foundation, and Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Nichols and Cohen (2020) found that

    although the health of fetus and children could be adversely affected by the health of the mother,

    the majority of maternal programs in the United States places emphasis on the child. The

    researchers also found four areas of concern in women health experiences, both in pre and

    postnatal care. The problem areas entailed inadequate investment in women's health, inefficient

    quality of care and avoidable caesarean delivers, expanding disparities in minority women and

    women living in rural areas, and contradictory collection and distribution of data (Nichols &

    Cohen, 2020).

    Approaches to Improving Pregnancy Outcomes

    In contrast to the preceding studies, Zhang et al. (2013) conducted a study between 2005

    and 2007 to calculate the excessive rate of unfavorable outcomes in pregnancy within racial and

    ethnic groups. The study also aimed to measure the possibility of Medicaid savings that are

    linked to paid maternal care claims resulting from the inequalities that contribute to unfavorable

    maternal outcomes. A cross-sectional study using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data was

    used to gather pregnancy outcome information from inpatient hospitals from 14 states (Florida,

    Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Maryland,

    Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas). The study consisted of a little over 2

    million patients who were insured with Medicaid and had a delivery code of maternal delivery

    stay. Zhang et al. (2013) found that, with the exception of gestational diabetes, African American

    4

    women showed the worst outcomes out of all unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. These disparities

    are postulated as being multi-factorial, having causes stemming from complicated experiences

    with racism, poverty, and complex healthcare interactions. It was also found that women covered

    under Medicaid health insurance were more likely to have consistency in care from prenatal care

    through delivery compared to their counterparts. However, due to participation in Medicaid

    programs being influenced by reimbursement rates, some providers may choose to stop

    accepting Medicaid patients because of reimbursement delays and low payment rates, which

    could contribute to negative birth outcomes (Zhang et al., 2013).

    5

    References

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal

    care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A

    systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119-

    136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-

    targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2020). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States:

    Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy,

    42(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9

    Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are

    growing. New York Times, A20(L).

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    ITOF&xid=b9422ff9

    Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in

    economic and clinical outcomes of pregnancy among Medicaid recipients. Maternal and

    Child Health Journal, 17(8), 1518+.

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A344827866/PPNU?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    PPNU&xid=51747d52

    **## 2REVIEW-cStudentSampleObj.Summ.2024-20252.docx**

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | 1 |

    | | |
    | — | — |
    | | 4 |

    ****Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States****

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    **Color coding: who, when, where, why, how methodology**
    **_&_ how process, what**

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 in the United States, France, Spain, and the Netherlands to examine the efficiency of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A systematic review was used to collect data from studies of mostly non-Caucasian women from low-income population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation. Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al. 2021). The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings. The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et al. 2021).

    **References**

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A systematic review.
    _Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32_(1), 119-136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | | | |

    | | | |
    | — | — | — |
    | | | |

    **## FirstObjectiveSummary.docx**

    **CLASS/HW: First Objective Summary [graded within 24 hours]**

    **PREP TASKS**

    **(1) READ:** This assignment is not a working final document assignment; however, it will eventually make its way to the working final document–just not yet.

    For this submission, you will need to create a new WORD document and you are expected to demonstrate the following
    **compounded skills from previous weeks**, in addition to the
    **new skills learned this week** and through the later
    **Prep Tasks** below:

    ·
    **APA 7 Basics**: double-spaced, before and after set to zero; 1 inch margins all around; Times New Roman, 12 pt font; page numbers, upper right in header

    · Page 1 =
    **APA 7 Title Page**: your title can be something along the lines of, "Objective Summary of Prevalence Research Article" — of course, it will be worded to be relevant to YOUR relevant research variable

    · Page 2 =
    **Your objective summary** written as an academic paragraph (indented and full sentences) and color-coded with the designated colored font for each component.
    Use your EXCEL Research Tracker to help you summarize one of your research articles in your own words:

    _hint: copy this color chart into your Word document where you will write these, so you remember!_

    WHO = Dark BLUE

    WHY = PURPLE

    WHEN = RED

    WHERE = GREEN

    HOW + Process = ORANGE

    WHAT = Lighter BLUE

    · Page 3 = Your
    **APA 7 References Page** (with only the research article you summarized)

    **(2) REVIEW:** Open the following student sample document. Be sure yours looks similar prior to proceeding.

    **(2) REVIEW – c Student Sample Obj. Summ. (2024-2025) (2).docx**

    **SUBMISSION REQUIREMENT TASKS**

    **(1) PLAGIARISM CHECKERS:** Review the following document to learn how to meet the newly implemented submission requirements that will be expected for each written assignment in the remaining weeks:

    **SUBMISSION TASK (1) plagiarism checkers (2) (1).pptx**

    **(2) CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY:**

    · Submit your assignment into the CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY HERE folder

    · Evaluate EVERY highlighted text EXCEPT the References Page and in-text citations to ensure it links only back to
    your own work.

    **(3) TAKE YOUR AI TEXT DETECTOR SCREENSHOT:**

    · Paste your written text into this FREE AI Text Detector: Click here –>
    [Scribbr AI Text Detector](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)

    · Take a screenshot of your text and the percentage
    **(NOT TO EXCEED 10%).** You will have to take multiple screenshots if your document is over 500 words.

    **(4) FINALIZE:** Make sure your screenshot looks like the screenshot below.

    **SUBMISSION (4) Scribbr Screenshot (3).pdf**

    **(5) SUBMIT:** Attach your AI screenshot(s) WITH your WORD document submission. You will be attaching 2 documents in the submission box:
    **(1) the screenshot first, then (2) your assignment WITH title and references pages.**

    **## literaturereviewfab222025.docx**

    You cannot complete this assignment successfully without writing a successful objective summary from last class.

    If you earned less than an 85% on your first objective summary, you must copy my comments from that assignment, and assure me you dealt with any issues, and HIGHLIGHT the changes you make, THEN ensure you do not repeat these errors for your new objective summaries for the task below.

    —————————————————————————————————————————————————————-

    **PREP TASKS**

    **(1) READ:** This assignment is a working final document assignment.

    For this submission, you are expected to demonstrate the following
    **compounded skills from previous weeks:**

    ·
    **APA 7 Basics**: double-spaced, before and after set to zero; 1 inch margins all around; Times New Roman, 12 pt font; page numbers, upper right in header

    ·
    **Title & References pages**

    ·
    **Narrative and parenthetical in-text citation control of single-sourced paragraphs**

    ·
    **Transitional phrases**

    ·
    **Paraphrasing**

    **(2) REVIEW:** Your work must look like the sample below:

    **(2) REVIEW – d Student Sample Part 2 Lit Rev_ (2024-2025) (1).pdf**

    **(3) OPEN UP YOUR '**
    **_WORKING DOCUMENT_' WE SAVED IN W. 6:**

    ·
    **a.** Rename this document as "W.7 – Working Final Exam Document" or similar.

    ·
    **b.** Give your paper a name now and update it on your Title Page.

    **(4) PRE-SET YOUR LEVEL HEADERS:** Avoid mistakes later and use the sample below to set up proper level headers in your working final document.

    **W. 7 Working Doc Set Up – Level Headers (2024-2025) (1) (1).docx**

    **(5) WORK ON YOUR SUBMISSION:**

    · Go back to your Week 6 objective summary submissions to review any of my yellow notes, comments, and the rubric to update your document.

    · Put your summaries in an order that makes sense given how you compare and contrast them using your
    _who, when, where, why, how,_ and
    _what_ EXCEL Research Tracker.

    ·
    _Use your transition compare and contrast words (similar to…etc) – when you use these words,_
    _**please be sure to say somewhere HOW are they similar, etc.**_

    **5a. USE:**

    **(5a.) USE – compare and contrast words (1).pdf**

    —————————————————————————————————————————————————————–

    **SUBMISSION REQUIREMENT TASKS**

    **(1) CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY:**

    · Submit your assignment into the CHECK YOUR SIMILARITY HERE folder

    · Evaluate EVERY highlighted text EXCEPT the References Page and in-text citations to ensure it links only back to
    your own work.

    **(2) TAKE YOUR AI TEXT DETECTOR SCREENSHOT:**

    · Paste your written text into this FREE AI Text Detector: Click here –>
    [Scribbr AI Text Detector](https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector/)

    · Take a screenshot of your text and the percentage
    **(NOT TO EXCEED 30%),** one for each objective summary written.

    **(3) FINALIZE:** Make sure your screenshot looks like the screenshot below.

    **(4) SUBMIT:** Attach your AI screenshot(s) WITH your WORD document submission. You will be attaching 2 documents in the submission box:
    **(1) the screenshot(s) first, then (2) your assignment**.

    **## 2REVIEW-dStudentSamplePart2LitRev_2024-20251.pdf**

    1

    Racial Disparities in Healthcare Among Pregnant Women in the United States

    Tamifer Lewis

    Department of Public Health, Monroe College, King Graduate School

    KG604-144: Graduate Research and Critical Analysis

    Dr. Manya Bouteneff

    December 4, 2022

    2

    Literature Review

    Review of Literature

    Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Factors

    Darling et al. (2021) conducted a study between 2001 and 2018 to examine the efficiency

    of qualified interventions in preterm birth, small for gestational age, low birth weight, neonatal

    death, cesarean deliveries, maternal care satisfaction, and coast effectiveness programs. A

    systematic review was used to collect data from the United States, France, Spain, and the

    Netherlands. The studies consisted of mostly non- Caucasian women from low-income

    population ranging from 12 to 46 years of age and being between 20 to 32 weeks' gestation.

    Interventional programs were implemented into three categories: group prenatal care, augmented

    prenatal care, or a combination of both group and augmented prenatal care (Darling et al., 2021).

    The researchers found that certain interventions, such as prenatal care and augmented care, or a

    combination of both, may decrease adverse outcomes in small-for-gestational-age and preterm

    birth, and could aid in increasing maternal care satisfaction. Interventions that worked on

    enhancing coordination of care were found to result in providing more effective cost savings.

    The researchers also found disparities in the quality of access to care in the vulnerable

    population. There was insufficient evidence of suitable quality to confirm that the interventions

    were successful at enhancing clinical outcomes in prenatal care for at risk populations (Darling et

    al., 2021).

    Similar observations were made in a study conducted by Nichols and Cohen (2020),

    between 2006 and 2018 to examine the methods used to improve the results of maternal

    mortality in California. The study was conducted using a scoping review to evaluate research on

    3

    women and maternal health in the United States. The researchers used information from the US

    Maternal Fetal Medicine Network to measure the percentage of studies where pregnant women,

    women, and children were the main focus. The researchers also reviewed documentation on

    healthcare policies and practices from California’s public health department, healthcare

    foundation, and Maternal Quality Care Collaborative. Nichols and Cohen (2020) found that

    although the health of fetus and children could be adversely affected by the health of the mother,

    the majority of maternal programs in the United States places emphasis on the child. The

    researchers also found four areas of concern in women health experiences, both in pre and

    postnatal care. The problem areas entailed inadequate investment in women's health, inefficient

    quality of care and avoidable caesarean delivers, expanding disparities in minority women and

    women living in rural areas, and contradictory collection and distribution of data (Nichols &

    Cohen, 2020).

    Approaches to Improving Pregnancy Outcomes

    In contrast to the preceding studies, Zhang et al. (2013) conducted a study between 2005

    and 2007 to calculate the excessive rate of unfavorable outcomes in pregnancy within racial and

    ethnic groups. The study also aimed to measure the possibility of Medicaid savings that are

    linked to paid maternal care claims resulting from the inequalities that contribute to unfavorable

    maternal outcomes. A cross-sectional study using Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data was

    used to gather pregnancy outcome information from inpatient hospitals from 14 states (Florida,

    Alabama, Arkansas, North Carolina, Georgia, Louisiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Maryland,

    Missouri, Tennessee, South Carolina, Virginia, and Texas). The study consisted of a little over 2

    million patients who were insured with Medicaid and had a delivery code of maternal delivery

    stay. Zhang et al. (2013) found that, with the exception of gestational diabetes, African American

    4

    women showed the worst outcomes out of all unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. These disparities

    are postulated as being multi-factorial, having causes stemming from complicated experiences

    with racism, poverty, and complex healthcare interactions. It was also found that women covered

    under Medicaid health insurance were more likely to have consistency in care from prenatal care

    through delivery compared to their counterparts. However, due to participation in Medicaid

    programs being influenced by reimbursement rates, some providers may choose to stop

    accepting Medicaid patients because of reimbursement delays and low payment rates, which

    could contribute to negative birth outcomes (Zhang et al., 2013).

    5

    References

    Darling, E. K., Cody, K., Tubman-Broeren, M., & Marquez, O. (2021). The effect of prenatal

    care delivery models targeting populations with low rates of PNC attendance: A

    systematic review. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 32(1), 119-

    136. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/effect-prenatal-care-delivery-models-

    targeting/docview/2507722229/se-2

    Nichols, C. R., & Cohen, A. K. (2020). Preventing maternal mortality in the United States:

    Lessons from California and policy recommendations. Journal of Public Health Policy,

    42(1), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9

    Rabin, R. C. (2019, May 8). Huge racial disparities persist in pregnancy-related deaths, and are

    growing. New York Times, A20(L).

    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A584694288/ITOF?u=nysl_me_moncol&sid=bookmark-

    ITOF&xid=b9422ff9

    Zhang, S., Cardarelli, K., Shim, R., Ye, J., Booker, K. L., & Rust, G. (2013). Racial disparities in

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  • [Solved] FIN6466 Deliverable 6 – Industry Risk in the Market

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    [>Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-management) ##### **Competency** Evaluate financial risk, cost of capital, and risk-reward tradeoffs. ##### **Student Success Criteria** View the grading rubric for this deliverable by selecting the "This item is graded w…

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    [>Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-management)

    ##### **Competency**

    Evaluate financial risk, cost of capital, and risk-reward tradeoffs.

    ##### **Student Success Criteria**

    View the grading rubric for this deliverable by selecting the "This item is graded with a rubric" link, which is located in the Details & Information pane.

    ##### **Deliverable Preparation**

    During this course, students will conduct research on companies of their choosing, guided by the scenarios outlined in the deliverables. There are no pre-assigned firms for research purposes. Instead, students are encouraged to select companies that are relevant to the deliverable content. The information gathered about these firms should reflect real-time data and demonstrate real-life applications in alignment with the course material.

    ##### **Scenario**

    As you continue to excel in your current position, your employer has entrusted you with the opportunity to analyze a tech company, such as Google, Amazon, or Facebook, as a model. This analysis reinforces your understanding of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). You will write a white paper assessing the financial risk in the market for the selected tech company, determining whether it is currently undervalued or overvalued, and providing insights into the reasons behind such a market valuation.

    ##### **Instructions**

    Write a white paper addressing the following key aspects:

    – **Financial Risk and Cost of Capital Analysis**:
    – Explain the selected tech company's financial risk, cost of capital, and risk-reward profile, utilizing historical data to provide context.
    – **CAPM Interpretation**:
    – Interpret the company's financial information using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), offering insights into the relationship between risk and expected return.
    – **Return Comparison to S&P 500**:
    – Calculate the company's return on the market value and compare it to the S&P 500, providing a benchmark for performance evaluation.
    – **Stock Valuation Analysis**:
    – Determine whether the tech company's stock prices are overvalued or undervalued, and substantiate your conclusion with relevant justifications.
    – **MPT-Based Investment Strategies**:
    – Devise strategies for the tech company to achieve high returns and low risk by applying the principles of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT).

    **A – 4 – Mastery**

    Thorough and accurate explanation of company financial risk, cost of capital, and risk reward from historical data.

    **A – 4 – Mastery**

    Thorough and accurate interpretation of company financial information using the Capital Asset Pricing Model.

    **A – 4 – Mastery**

    Calculated your chosen firm's return on the market value. Thorough and accurate comparison to the S&P 500.

    **A – 4 – Mastery**

    Thorough and accurate assessment of whether your chosen firm's stock prices are over or undervalued and an exemplary explanation of why.

    **A – 4 – Mastery**

    Thorough and accurate development of strategies for the firm to achieve investment high returns and low risk using Modern Portfolio Theory.

    **A – 4 – Mastery**

    The document demonstrated exemplary attribution using credible scholarly sources in APA format and had no spelling and grammar errors that interfered with clarity.

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Fed Government

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  • [Solved] DISCUSSION-SITUATIONAL APPROACH LEADERSHIP

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    [>Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-management) WATCH VIDEO & COMPLETE QUESTIONS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwtAu-CowiI SOURCES: TEXTBOOK CH. 5 ATTACHED & VIDEO ONLY 1. In your opinion, who was the leader in the video (pick one of the emotions in Rile…

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    [>Management homework help](https://www.sweetstudy.com/fields/business-finance-management)

    WATCH VIDEO & COMPLETE QUESTIONS

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwtAu-CowiI

    SOURCES: TEXTBOOK CH. 5 ATTACHED & VIDEO ONLY

    1. In your opinion, who was the leader in the video (pick one of the emotions in Riley)?

    2. What leadership approach/s was apparent in the video? Support your claim. (Trait, Skill, Behavior?)

    3. How could the leaders in the video utilized the Situational Approach?

    4.What would have you done if you were in this situation as the leader?

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    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] Discussion Replies 570

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    . Compare and Contrast Discussion 2 and the 2 replies attached using the instructions attached – 2 years ago **files (3)** – ## DiscussionAssignmentReplyInstruction.docx – ## Discussion2.docx – ## Replies.docx **## DiscussionAssignmentReplyInstruction.docx** BMAL 570 DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIO…

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    . Compare and Contrast Discussion 2 and the 2 replies attached using the instructions attached

    – 2 years ago

    **files (3)**

    – ## DiscussionAssignmentReplyInstruction.docx

    – ## Discussion2.docx

    – ## Replies.docx

    **## DiscussionAssignmentReplyInstruction.docx**

    BMAL 570
    DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

    **Replies** Select at least 2 other classmate’s threads and post a reply that advances the conversation. Your replies must clearly link to the original author’s post, contribute new information, and be supported by the scholarly resources. Submit replies of at least 200 words each to at least 2 other classmate’s threads. Each reply must include a minimum of 2 scholarly resources (
    **in addition to the Bible and Text)** and demonstrate a substantive discussion that meets grading
    rubric specifications. Compare and contrast what you wrote in your main response to what each student wrote in the main response. Please copy and paste your thread into the Discussion. No title page or abstract is needed.
    Submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sundays of assigned Module: Week, except Module 8: Week 8 replies are due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday.

    **## Discussion2.docx**

    **Introduction**

    From a legal perspective, law functions as a tool to maintain order and discourage wrongdoing. Hill (2018), underscores the importance of ethical governance in business and society, aligning with Paul's assertion that law should encourage good conduct and deter evil. Legal frameworks are essential for upholding justice, safeguarding rights, and averting disorder. Governmental authority, when justly exercised, fulfills a divinely mandated role in safeguarding the welfare of society.

    **Romans 13:1-7: The Purpose of Government and the Role of Law**

    In Romans 13:1-7, Paul articulates a foundation for governance, highlighting its divine establishment and function in upholding justice. Christians are instructed to comply with governmental authorities that are established by God. He asserts that rulers exist to promote good and punish evil, thereby acting as servants of God (Romans 13:4). Government, according to Paul, is a means of upholding moral order and ensuring societal stability.

    Additionally, Canaday (2021), suggests that Paul's call for submission to governing authorities is framed within a broader context of love and peace, indicating that submission should not be equated with blind obedience. This perspective is consistent with the belief that Christians are commanded to honor those in positions of authority, but that their ultimate loyalty should be to God's moral code.

    **John 18:31–19:6: Governor Pilate’s Violation of Roman Law**

    In John 18:31–19:6, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, plays a pivotal role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. Despite finding no legal basis for Jesus’ execution (John 18:38; 19:4, 6), Pilate succumbs to political pressure and allows an unjust punishment. This decision violates Roman legal principles, which emphasized due process and the protection of the accused (Dudley, 2019). Under Roman law, an individual could not be executed without clear evidence of a crime. Pilate, knowing Jesus was innocent, relinquished his judicial duty by permitting the execution to continue for political convenience.

    **The Function of Law in Establishing Minimal Standards of Behavior**

    Law serves as a foundation for societal ethics by establishing a minimal standard of behavior. Law acts as a safeguard against injustice and ensures that individuals adhere to a baseline of moral conduct (Hill, 2018). The miscarriage of justice in Jesus' trial highlights the imperative for equitable and unbiased legal systems. Pilate's inadequacy shines light that the law, when distorted for political or personal advantage, can result in severe injustice. Thus, law should function not merely as a deterrent but as a means of upholding righteousness and protecting the vulnerable (Johnson, 2020).

    **Conclusion**

    Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 provide a bible-based foundation for government’s role in maintaining order and punishing wrongdoing. John 18:31–19:6 illustrates the historical instance where the law was misapplied, leading to an unjust execution. It’s known that law serves a critical role in society by setting necessary ethical boundaries and ensuring justice. When properly administered, law functions as a moral compass, preventing disorder and upholding the dignity of all individuals.

    **References**

    · Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    · Johnson, T. (2020).
    _The Role of Law in Biblical and Contemporary Ethics_. Cambridge University Press.

    · Caneday, A. (2021). Romans 13: Submission, Not Unquestioning Obedience.
    _Christ Over All_.
    [https://christoverall.com/article/concise/romans-13-submission-not-unquestioning-obedience/](https://christoverall.com/article/concise/romans-13-submission-not-unquestioning-obedience/)

    · Dudley, M. (2019).
    _Roman Legal Principles and the Trial of Jesus_. Journal of Historical Jurisprudence, 45(3), 233-247.

    · The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan.

    **## Replies.docx**

    Reply 1 from Kiara

    **Law and Ethics**

    The idea that “law is necessary” has long been debated by scholars and theologians. In Christian ethics, Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) provide a strong basic perspective on the role of law and government in society. Paul suggests that governing leaders are established by God to maintain order and stability, ultimately fulfilling His divine purpose (Romans 13:1-2, NIV). The government’s primary responsibility is to uphold righteousness, restrain wrongdoing, and administer justice, with leaders serving as God’s agents to ensure fairness and accountability (Romans 13:3-4. NIV). Therefore, law is a moral framework that promotes the common good and creates social stability. However, Paul also emphasizes that law is not an end goal but a means of serving God and supporting human well-being.

    Law is essential for deterring wrongdoing and ensuring justice, although history reveals how legal systems can be exploited for personal or political gain. An example of such corruption is Governor Pilate’s handling of Jesus’ trial in John 18:31–19:6 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV). Roman law mandated a fair trial with credible evidence before sentencing someone to death. However, despite recognizing Jesus’ innocence, Pilate yields to political pressure and authorizes His execution without just cause (John 19:1-6, NIV). His disregard for due process and willingness to prioritize political convenience over justice represents a significant breach of Roman legal principles.

    This emphasizes the importance of law in setting a basic standard of behavior, promoting fairness, and shielding individuals from unjust treatment. Law should act as a protection against injustice, minimizing the abuses of power, and ensuring that governance adheres to ethical and moral values. Micah 6:8 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) reinforces this responsibility, calling for leaders to “act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly.” Without this ethical oversight, legal systems risk becoming instruments of oppression rather than mechanisms for justice.

    Beyond biblical principles, ethics and accountability are key components of an effective legal and governance system. Ethical standards support government officials to act with integrity, enhancing transparency and accountability in legal enforcement (Mendy, 2023). Research highlights that strong ethics frameworks contribute to market efficiency, government effectiveness, and overall integrity, reinforcing the need for law as guidance for societal order (Demir, Reddick, & Perlman, 2023). In terms of emotional labor, Mastracci (2022) argues that this factor is crucial for adopting an ethic of care to address the emotional challenges faced by public service workers to better support workers and improve service quality. However, when legal and ethical standards are inconsistently applied or manipulated for political or personal gain, challenges appear. This also highlights the importance of accountability measures that ensure laws serve the public good rather than individual interests.

    In conclusion, law is essential for societal stability and justice, but it must be accountable to prevent abuse. As Paul’s teachings in Romans 13:1-7 (NIV) affirm, law should serve God and promote human well-being, not be an end in itself.

    **References**

    Demir, T., Reddick, C. G., & Perlman, B. J. (2023). In search of ethics infrastructure in U.S. local governments: Building blocks or dead end?
    _Administration & Society, 55_(10), 1866-1892.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571)

    Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    _Holy Bible_ – New International Version. (n.d.).
    _Holy-Bible.online_.
    [https://holy-Links to an external site.Links to an external site.](https://holy-/) bible.online/asv.php (Original work published 1901)

    Mastracci, S. H. (2022). Dirty work and emotional labor in public service: Why government employers should adopt an ethic of care.
    _Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42_(3), 537-552.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548)

    Mendy, O. (2023). Ethics and accountability in government bureaucracy.
    _Pancasila and Law Review (Online, 4_(2), 107-116.
    [https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064)

    **Reply 2 from William**

    **Necessity of Law**

    Law varies in every society. Laws are derived from morals and ethics often based on religious foundations. Laws provide structure to society by documenting establishing standards, maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting liberties and rights of citizens they govern. Without the law there are no protections within society. Laws do not mean we are protected from all; they mean we have an avenue to right wrongs and punish if necessary. Killingsworth details in
    _International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation_ that law is a necessity and that we see more corruption in uncivilized countries without law and order. The article further details how war would look without laws to establish practices. Even war to an extent must be civilized and fought by law. Law is necessary to basic human survival. The Bible documents the need for government and that all law comes through Christ. Romans 13:1 states, “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God” (BibleGateway, 2025). From the beginning we know law is a necessity.

    **The Purpose of Government**

    According to Paul the government’s authority is derived from the highest authority, Christ. Paul’s lesson is that government is divine and should follow Christ’s teachings. The primary purpose of the law is that it should restrain and punish evil. Law considers what is moral and fair underlining what obligations we have to one another (Hill, p. 90, 2018). From the beginning of man all-knowing Christ knew the need for law and order.

    Governor Pilate violates Roman law in John by insulting the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure (Petruzzello, 2025). Pilate later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. Law should provide a basic outline to establish a minimal standard of behavior in society. The law is a guidepost for minimally acceptable behavior in society. Some activities, for example, are crimes because society (through a legislative body) has determined that it will not tolerate certain behaviors that injure or damage persons or their property (Williams, 2024). We know through Biblical principles that morals, ethics, and laws are necessary in our lives. The Bible without establishing a dominant government, knowing societal needs would vary across the world, documents the need to govern man. The Bible further details that government must be as just as man.

    **References**

    Hill, A. (2018). Just business.  Christian ethics and the Marketplace.  Downers Grove, Illinois:  InterVarsity Press.

    King James Version. Bible Gateway, Romas 13 KJV – Bible Gateway. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

    Killingsworth, M. (2023). International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation.’
    _Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies_,
    _14_(2), 250–273.
    [https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062)

    Petruzzello., M. (2025).
    _Pontius Pilate governor of Judaea_. Brittanica Roman Empire.
    [https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-EmpireLinks to an external site.](https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Empire)

    Williams , L. (2024). The Meaning and Purposes of Law. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-introbusiness/chapter/meaning-and-purposes-of-the-law/#:~:text=liberties%20and%20rights.-,Establishing%20Standards,damage%20persons%20or%20their%20property.

    **## Replies.docx**

    Reply 1 from Kiara

    **Law and Ethics**

    The idea that “law is necessary” has long been debated by scholars and theologians. In Christian ethics, Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) provide a strong basic perspective on the role of law and government in society. Paul suggests that governing leaders are established by God to maintain order and stability, ultimately fulfilling His divine purpose (Romans 13:1-2, NIV). The government’s primary responsibility is to uphold righteousness, restrain wrongdoing, and administer justice, with leaders serving as God’s agents to ensure fairness and accountability (Romans 13:3-4. NIV). Therefore, law is a moral framework that promotes the common good and creates social stability. However, Paul also emphasizes that law is not an end goal but a means of serving God and supporting human well-being.

    Law is essential for deterring wrongdoing and ensuring justice, although history reveals how legal systems can be exploited for personal or political gain. An example of such corruption is Governor Pilate’s handling of Jesus’ trial in John 18:31–19:6 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV). Roman law mandated a fair trial with credible evidence before sentencing someone to death. However, despite recognizing Jesus’ innocence, Pilate yields to political pressure and authorizes His execution without just cause (John 19:1-6, NIV). His disregard for due process and willingness to prioritize political convenience over justice represents a significant breach of Roman legal principles.

    This emphasizes the importance of law in setting a basic standard of behavior, promoting fairness, and shielding individuals from unjust treatment. Law should act as a protection against injustice, minimizing the abuses of power, and ensuring that governance adheres to ethical and moral values. Micah 6:8 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) reinforces this responsibility, calling for leaders to “act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly.” Without this ethical oversight, legal systems risk becoming instruments of oppression rather than mechanisms for justice.

    Beyond biblical principles, ethics and accountability are key components of an effective legal and governance system. Ethical standards support government officials to act with integrity, enhancing transparency and accountability in legal enforcement (Mendy, 2023). Research highlights that strong ethics frameworks contribute to market efficiency, government effectiveness, and overall integrity, reinforcing the need for law as guidance for societal order (Demir, Reddick, & Perlman, 2023). In terms of emotional labor, Mastracci (2022) argues that this factor is crucial for adopting an ethic of care to address the emotional challenges faced by public service workers to better support workers and improve service quality. However, when legal and ethical standards are inconsistently applied or manipulated for political or personal gain, challenges appear. This also highlights the importance of accountability measures that ensure laws serve the public good rather than individual interests.

    In conclusion, law is essential for societal stability and justice, but it must be accountable to prevent abuse. As Paul’s teachings in Romans 13:1-7 (NIV) affirm, law should serve God and promote human well-being, not be an end in itself.

    **References**

    Demir, T., Reddick, C. G., & Perlman, B. J. (2023). In search of ethics infrastructure in U.S. local governments: Building blocks or dead end?
    _Administration & Society, 55_(10), 1866-1892.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571)

    Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    _Holy Bible_ – New International Version. (n.d.).
    _Holy-Bible.online_.
    [https://holy-Links to an external site.Links to an external site.](https://holy-/) bible.online/asv.php (Original work published 1901)

    Mastracci, S. H. (2022). Dirty work and emotional labor in public service: Why government employers should adopt an ethic of care.
    _Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42_(3), 537-552.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548)

    Mendy, O. (2023). Ethics and accountability in government bureaucracy.
    _Pancasila and Law Review (Online, 4_(2), 107-116.
    [https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064)

    **Reply 2 from William**

    **Necessity of Law**

    Law varies in every society. Laws are derived from morals and ethics often based on religious foundations. Laws provide structure to society by documenting establishing standards, maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting liberties and rights of citizens they govern. Without the law there are no protections within society. Laws do not mean we are protected from all; they mean we have an avenue to right wrongs and punish if necessary. Killingsworth details in
    _International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation_ that law is a necessity and that we see more corruption in uncivilized countries without law and order. The article further details how war would look without laws to establish practices. Even war to an extent must be civilized and fought by law. Law is necessary to basic human survival. The Bible documents the need for government and that all law comes through Christ. Romans 13:1 states, “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God” (BibleGateway, 2025). From the beginning we know law is a necessity.

    **The Purpose of Government**

    According to Paul the government’s authority is derived from the highest authority, Christ. Paul’s lesson is that government is divine and should follow Christ’s teachings. The primary purpose of the law is that it should restrain and punish evil. Law considers what is moral and fair underlining what obligations we have to one another (Hill, p. 90, 2018). From the beginning of man all-knowing Christ knew the need for law and order.

    Governor Pilate violates Roman law in John by insulting the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure (Petruzzello, 2025). Pilate later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. Law should provide a basic outline to establish a minimal standard of behavior in society. The law is a guidepost for minimally acceptable behavior in society. Some activities, for example, are crimes because society (through a legislative body) has determined that it will not tolerate certain behaviors that injure or damage persons or their property (Williams, 2024). We know through Biblical principles that morals, ethics, and laws are necessary in our lives. The Bible without establishing a dominant government, knowing societal needs would vary across the world, documents the need to govern man. The Bible further details that government must be as just as man.

    **References**

    Hill, A. (2018). Just business.  Christian ethics and the Marketplace.  Downers Grove, Illinois:  InterVarsity Press.

    King James Version. Bible Gateway, Romas 13 KJV – Bible Gateway. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

    Killingsworth, M. (2023). International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation.’
    _Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies_,
    _14_(2), 250–273.
    [https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062)

    Petruzzello., M. (2025).
    _Pontius Pilate governor of Judaea_. Brittanica Roman Empire.
    [https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-EmpireLinks to an external site.](https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Empire)

    Williams , L. (2024). The Meaning and Purposes of Law. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-introbusiness/chapter/meaning-and-purposes-of-the-law/#:~:text=liberties%20and%20rights.-,Establishing%20Standards,damage%20persons%20or%20their%20property.

    **## DiscussionAssignmentReplyInstruction.docx**

    BMAL 570
    DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

    **Replies** Select at least 2 other classmate’s threads and post a reply that advances the conversation. Your replies must clearly link to the original author’s post, contribute new information, and be supported by the scholarly resources. Submit replies of at least 200 words each to at least 2 other classmate’s threads. Each reply must include a minimum of 2 scholarly resources (
    **in addition to the Bible and Text)** and demonstrate a substantive discussion that meets grading
    rubric specifications. Compare and contrast what you wrote in your main response to what each student wrote in the main response. Please copy and paste your thread into the Discussion. No title page or abstract is needed.
    Submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sundays of assigned Module: Week, except Module 8: Week 8 replies are due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday.

    **## Discussion2.docx**

    **Introduction**

    From a legal perspective, law functions as a tool to maintain order and discourage wrongdoing. Hill (2018), underscores the importance of ethical governance in business and society, aligning with Paul's assertion that law should encourage good conduct and deter evil. Legal frameworks are essential for upholding justice, safeguarding rights, and averting disorder. Governmental authority, when justly exercised, fulfills a divinely mandated role in safeguarding the welfare of society.

    **Romans 13:1-7: The Purpose of Government and the Role of Law**

    In Romans 13:1-7, Paul articulates a foundation for governance, highlighting its divine establishment and function in upholding justice. Christians are instructed to comply with governmental authorities that are established by God. He asserts that rulers exist to promote good and punish evil, thereby acting as servants of God (Romans 13:4). Government, according to Paul, is a means of upholding moral order and ensuring societal stability.

    Additionally, Canaday (2021), suggests that Paul's call for submission to governing authorities is framed within a broader context of love and peace, indicating that submission should not be equated with blind obedience. This perspective is consistent with the belief that Christians are commanded to honor those in positions of authority, but that their ultimate loyalty should be to God's moral code.

    **John 18:31–19:6: Governor Pilate’s Violation of Roman Law**

    In John 18:31–19:6, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, plays a pivotal role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. Despite finding no legal basis for Jesus’ execution (John 18:38; 19:4, 6), Pilate succumbs to political pressure and allows an unjust punishment. This decision violates Roman legal principles, which emphasized due process and the protection of the accused (Dudley, 2019). Under Roman law, an individual could not be executed without clear evidence of a crime. Pilate, knowing Jesus was innocent, relinquished his judicial duty by permitting the execution to continue for political convenience.

    **The Function of Law in Establishing Minimal Standards of Behavior**

    Law serves as a foundation for societal ethics by establishing a minimal standard of behavior. Law acts as a safeguard against injustice and ensures that individuals adhere to a baseline of moral conduct (Hill, 2018). The miscarriage of justice in Jesus' trial highlights the imperative for equitable and unbiased legal systems. Pilate's inadequacy shines light that the law, when distorted for political or personal advantage, can result in severe injustice. Thus, law should function not merely as a deterrent but as a means of upholding righteousness and protecting the vulnerable (Johnson, 2020).

    **Conclusion**

    Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 provide a bible-based foundation for government’s role in maintaining order and punishing wrongdoing. John 18:31–19:6 illustrates the historical instance where the law was misapplied, leading to an unjust execution. It’s known that law serves a critical role in society by setting necessary ethical boundaries and ensuring justice. When properly administered, law functions as a moral compass, preventing disorder and upholding the dignity of all individuals.

    **References**

    · Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    · Johnson, T. (2020).
    _The Role of Law in Biblical and Contemporary Ethics_. Cambridge University Press.

    · Caneday, A. (2021). Romans 13: Submission, Not Unquestioning Obedience.
    _Christ Over All_.
    [https://christoverall.com/article/concise/romans-13-submission-not-unquestioning-obedience/](https://christoverall.com/article/concise/romans-13-submission-not-unquestioning-obedience/)

    · Dudley, M. (2019).
    _Roman Legal Principles and the Trial of Jesus_. Journal of Historical Jurisprudence, 45(3), 233-247.

    · The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan.

    **## Replies.docx**

    Reply 1 from Kiara

    **Law and Ethics**

    The idea that “law is necessary” has long been debated by scholars and theologians. In Christian ethics, Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) provide a strong basic perspective on the role of law and government in society. Paul suggests that governing leaders are established by God to maintain order and stability, ultimately fulfilling His divine purpose (Romans 13:1-2, NIV). The government’s primary responsibility is to uphold righteousness, restrain wrongdoing, and administer justice, with leaders serving as God’s agents to ensure fairness and accountability (Romans 13:3-4. NIV). Therefore, law is a moral framework that promotes the common good and creates social stability. However, Paul also emphasizes that law is not an end goal but a means of serving God and supporting human well-being.

    Law is essential for deterring wrongdoing and ensuring justice, although history reveals how legal systems can be exploited for personal or political gain. An example of such corruption is Governor Pilate’s handling of Jesus’ trial in John 18:31–19:6 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV). Roman law mandated a fair trial with credible evidence before sentencing someone to death. However, despite recognizing Jesus’ innocence, Pilate yields to political pressure and authorizes His execution without just cause (John 19:1-6, NIV). His disregard for due process and willingness to prioritize political convenience over justice represents a significant breach of Roman legal principles.

    This emphasizes the importance of law in setting a basic standard of behavior, promoting fairness, and shielding individuals from unjust treatment. Law should act as a protection against injustice, minimizing the abuses of power, and ensuring that governance adheres to ethical and moral values. Micah 6:8 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) reinforces this responsibility, calling for leaders to “act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly.” Without this ethical oversight, legal systems risk becoming instruments of oppression rather than mechanisms for justice.

    Beyond biblical principles, ethics and accountability are key components of an effective legal and governance system. Ethical standards support government officials to act with integrity, enhancing transparency and accountability in legal enforcement (Mendy, 2023). Research highlights that strong ethics frameworks contribute to market efficiency, government effectiveness, and overall integrity, reinforcing the need for law as guidance for societal order (Demir, Reddick, & Perlman, 2023). In terms of emotional labor, Mastracci (2022) argues that this factor is crucial for adopting an ethic of care to address the emotional challenges faced by public service workers to better support workers and improve service quality. However, when legal and ethical standards are inconsistently applied or manipulated for political or personal gain, challenges appear. This also highlights the importance of accountability measures that ensure laws serve the public good rather than individual interests.

    In conclusion, law is essential for societal stability and justice, but it must be accountable to prevent abuse. As Paul’s teachings in Romans 13:1-7 (NIV) affirm, law should serve God and promote human well-being, not be an end in itself.

    **References**

    Demir, T., Reddick, C. G., & Perlman, B. J. (2023). In search of ethics infrastructure in U.S. local governments: Building blocks or dead end?
    _Administration & Society, 55_(10), 1866-1892.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571)

    Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    _Holy Bible_ – New International Version. (n.d.).
    _Holy-Bible.online_.
    [https://holy-Links to an external site.Links to an external site.](https://holy-/) bible.online/asv.php (Original work published 1901)

    Mastracci, S. H. (2022). Dirty work and emotional labor in public service: Why government employers should adopt an ethic of care.
    _Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42_(3), 537-552.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548)

    Mendy, O. (2023). Ethics and accountability in government bureaucracy.
    _Pancasila and Law Review (Online, 4_(2), 107-116.
    [https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064)

    **Reply 2 from William**

    **Necessity of Law**

    Law varies in every society. Laws are derived from morals and ethics often based on religious foundations. Laws provide structure to society by documenting establishing standards, maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting liberties and rights of citizens they govern. Without the law there are no protections within society. Laws do not mean we are protected from all; they mean we have an avenue to right wrongs and punish if necessary. Killingsworth details in
    _International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation_ that law is a necessity and that we see more corruption in uncivilized countries without law and order. The article further details how war would look without laws to establish practices. Even war to an extent must be civilized and fought by law. Law is necessary to basic human survival. The Bible documents the need for government and that all law comes through Christ. Romans 13:1 states, “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God” (BibleGateway, 2025). From the beginning we know law is a necessity.

    **The Purpose of Government**

    According to Paul the government’s authority is derived from the highest authority, Christ. Paul’s lesson is that government is divine and should follow Christ’s teachings. The primary purpose of the law is that it should restrain and punish evil. Law considers what is moral and fair underlining what obligations we have to one another (Hill, p. 90, 2018). From the beginning of man all-knowing Christ knew the need for law and order.

    Governor Pilate violates Roman law in John by insulting the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure (Petruzzello, 2025). Pilate later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. Law should provide a basic outline to establish a minimal standard of behavior in society. The law is a guidepost for minimally acceptable behavior in society. Some activities, for example, are crimes because society (through a legislative body) has determined that it will not tolerate certain behaviors that injure or damage persons or their property (Williams, 2024). We know through Biblical principles that morals, ethics, and laws are necessary in our lives. The Bible without establishing a dominant government, knowing societal needs would vary across the world, documents the need to govern man. The Bible further details that government must be as just as man.

    **References**

    Hill, A. (2018). Just business.  Christian ethics and the Marketplace.  Downers Grove, Illinois:  InterVarsity Press.

    King James Version. Bible Gateway, Romas 13 KJV – Bible Gateway. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

    Killingsworth, M. (2023). International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation.’
    _Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies_,
    _14_(2), 250–273.
    [https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062)

    Petruzzello., M. (2025).
    _Pontius Pilate governor of Judaea_. Brittanica Roman Empire.
    [https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-EmpireLinks to an external site.](https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Empire)

    Williams , L. (2024). The Meaning and Purposes of Law. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-introbusiness/chapter/meaning-and-purposes-of-the-law/#:~:text=liberties%20and%20rights.-,Establishing%20Standards,damage%20persons%20or%20their%20property.

    **## DiscussionAssignmentReplyInstruction.docx**

    BMAL 570
    DISCUSSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

    **Replies** Select at least 2 other classmate’s threads and post a reply that advances the conversation. Your replies must clearly link to the original author’s post, contribute new information, and be supported by the scholarly resources. Submit replies of at least 200 words each to at least 2 other classmate’s threads. Each reply must include a minimum of 2 scholarly resources (
    **in addition to the Bible and Text)** and demonstrate a substantive discussion that meets grading
    rubric specifications. Compare and contrast what you wrote in your main response to what each student wrote in the main response. Please copy and paste your thread into the Discussion. No title page or abstract is needed.
    Submit your replies by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sundays of assigned Module: Week, except Module 8: Week 8 replies are due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday.

    **## Discussion2.docx**

    **Introduction**

    From a legal perspective, law functions as a tool to maintain order and discourage wrongdoing. Hill (2018), underscores the importance of ethical governance in business and society, aligning with Paul's assertion that law should encourage good conduct and deter evil. Legal frameworks are essential for upholding justice, safeguarding rights, and averting disorder. Governmental authority, when justly exercised, fulfills a divinely mandated role in safeguarding the welfare of society.

    **Romans 13:1-7: The Purpose of Government and the Role of Law**

    In Romans 13:1-7, Paul articulates a foundation for governance, highlighting its divine establishment and function in upholding justice. Christians are instructed to comply with governmental authorities that are established by God. He asserts that rulers exist to promote good and punish evil, thereby acting as servants of God (Romans 13:4). Government, according to Paul, is a means of upholding moral order and ensuring societal stability.

    Additionally, Canaday (2021), suggests that Paul's call for submission to governing authorities is framed within a broader context of love and peace, indicating that submission should not be equated with blind obedience. This perspective is consistent with the belief that Christians are commanded to honor those in positions of authority, but that their ultimate loyalty should be to God's moral code.

    **John 18:31–19:6: Governor Pilate’s Violation of Roman Law**

    In John 18:31–19:6, Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor, plays a pivotal role in the trial and crucifixion of Jesus. Despite finding no legal basis for Jesus’ execution (John 18:38; 19:4, 6), Pilate succumbs to political pressure and allows an unjust punishment. This decision violates Roman legal principles, which emphasized due process and the protection of the accused (Dudley, 2019). Under Roman law, an individual could not be executed without clear evidence of a crime. Pilate, knowing Jesus was innocent, relinquished his judicial duty by permitting the execution to continue for political convenience.

    **The Function of Law in Establishing Minimal Standards of Behavior**

    Law serves as a foundation for societal ethics by establishing a minimal standard of behavior. Law acts as a safeguard against injustice and ensures that individuals adhere to a baseline of moral conduct (Hill, 2018). The miscarriage of justice in Jesus' trial highlights the imperative for equitable and unbiased legal systems. Pilate's inadequacy shines light that the law, when distorted for political or personal advantage, can result in severe injustice. Thus, law should function not merely as a deterrent but as a means of upholding righteousness and protecting the vulnerable (Johnson, 2020).

    **Conclusion**

    Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 provide a bible-based foundation for government’s role in maintaining order and punishing wrongdoing. John 18:31–19:6 illustrates the historical instance where the law was misapplied, leading to an unjust execution. It’s known that law serves a critical role in society by setting necessary ethical boundaries and ensuring justice. When properly administered, law functions as a moral compass, preventing disorder and upholding the dignity of all individuals.

    **References**

    · Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    · Johnson, T. (2020).
    _The Role of Law in Biblical and Contemporary Ethics_. Cambridge University Press.

    · Caneday, A. (2021). Romans 13: Submission, Not Unquestioning Obedience.
    _Christ Over All_.
    [https://christoverall.com/article/concise/romans-13-submission-not-unquestioning-obedience/](https://christoverall.com/article/concise/romans-13-submission-not-unquestioning-obedience/)

    · Dudley, M. (2019).
    _Roman Legal Principles and the Trial of Jesus_. Journal of Historical Jurisprudence, 45(3), 233-247.

    · The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan.

    **## Replies.docx**

    Reply 1 from Kiara

    **Law and Ethics**

    The idea that “law is necessary” has long been debated by scholars and theologians. In Christian ethics, Paul’s writings in Romans 13:1-7 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) provide a strong basic perspective on the role of law and government in society. Paul suggests that governing leaders are established by God to maintain order and stability, ultimately fulfilling His divine purpose (Romans 13:1-2, NIV). The government’s primary responsibility is to uphold righteousness, restrain wrongdoing, and administer justice, with leaders serving as God’s agents to ensure fairness and accountability (Romans 13:3-4. NIV). Therefore, law is a moral framework that promotes the common good and creates social stability. However, Paul also emphasizes that law is not an end goal but a means of serving God and supporting human well-being.

    Law is essential for deterring wrongdoing and ensuring justice, although history reveals how legal systems can be exploited for personal or political gain. An example of such corruption is Governor Pilate’s handling of Jesus’ trial in John 18:31–19:6 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV). Roman law mandated a fair trial with credible evidence before sentencing someone to death. However, despite recognizing Jesus’ innocence, Pilate yields to political pressure and authorizes His execution without just cause (John 19:1-6, NIV). His disregard for due process and willingness to prioritize political convenience over justice represents a significant breach of Roman legal principles.

    This emphasizes the importance of law in setting a basic standard of behavior, promoting fairness, and shielding individuals from unjust treatment. Law should act as a protection against injustice, minimizing the abuses of power, and ensuring that governance adheres to ethical and moral values. Micah 6:8 (
    _Holy Bible_, NIV) reinforces this responsibility, calling for leaders to “act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly.” Without this ethical oversight, legal systems risk becoming instruments of oppression rather than mechanisms for justice.

    Beyond biblical principles, ethics and accountability are key components of an effective legal and governance system. Ethical standards support government officials to act with integrity, enhancing transparency and accountability in legal enforcement (Mendy, 2023). Research highlights that strong ethics frameworks contribute to market efficiency, government effectiveness, and overall integrity, reinforcing the need for law as guidance for societal order (Demir, Reddick, & Perlman, 2023). In terms of emotional labor, Mastracci (2022) argues that this factor is crucial for adopting an ethic of care to address the emotional challenges faced by public service workers to better support workers and improve service quality. However, when legal and ethical standards are inconsistently applied or manipulated for political or personal gain, challenges appear. This also highlights the importance of accountability measures that ensure laws serve the public good rather than individual interests.

    In conclusion, law is essential for societal stability and justice, but it must be accountable to prevent abuse. As Paul’s teachings in Romans 13:1-7 (NIV) affirm, law should serve God and promote human well-being, not be an end in itself.

    **References**

    Demir, T., Reddick, C. G., & Perlman, B. J. (2023). In search of ethics infrastructure in U.S. local governments: Building blocks or dead end?
    _Administration & Society, 55_(10), 1866-1892.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/00953997231190571)

    Hill, A. (2018).
    _Just Business: Christian Ethics for the Marketplace_ (3rd ed.). InterVarsity Press.

    _Holy Bible_ – New International Version. (n.d.).
    _Holy-Bible.online_.
    [https://holy-Links to an external site.Links to an external site.](https://holy-/) bible.online/asv.php (Original work published 1901)

    Mastracci, S. H. (2022). Dirty work and emotional labor in public service: Why government employers should adopt an ethic of care.
    _Review of Public Personnel Administration, 42_(3), 537-552.
    [https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X21997548)

    Mendy, O. (2023). Ethics and accountability in government bureaucracy.
    _Pancasila and Law Review (Online, 4_(2), 107-116.
    [https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.25041/plr.v4i2.3064)

    **Reply 2 from William**

    **Necessity of Law**

    Law varies in every society. Laws are derived from morals and ethics often based on religious foundations. Laws provide structure to society by documenting establishing standards, maintaining order, resolving disputes, and protecting liberties and rights of citizens they govern. Without the law there are no protections within society. Laws do not mean we are protected from all; they mean we have an avenue to right wrongs and punish if necessary. Killingsworth details in
    _International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation_ that law is a necessity and that we see more corruption in uncivilized countries without law and order. The article further details how war would look without laws to establish practices. Even war to an extent must be civilized and fought by law. Law is necessary to basic human survival. The Bible documents the need for government and that all law comes through Christ. Romans 13:1 states, “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God” (BibleGateway, 2025). From the beginning we know law is a necessity.

    **The Purpose of Government**

    According to Paul the government’s authority is derived from the highest authority, Christ. Paul’s lesson is that government is divine and should follow Christ’s teachings. The primary purpose of the law is that it should restrain and punish evil. Law considers what is moral and fair underlining what obligations we have to one another (Hill, p. 90, 2018). From the beginning of man all-knowing Christ knew the need for law and order.

    Governor Pilate violates Roman law in John by insulting the religious sensibilities of his Jewish subjects by promoting Roman religion and emperor worship. He provoked both Jews and Samaritans to rioting during his tenure (Petruzzello, 2025). Pilate later had to stand trial in Rome for cruelty and oppression. Law should provide a basic outline to establish a minimal standard of behavior in society. The law is a guidepost for minimally acceptable behavior in society. Some activities, for example, are crimes because society (through a legislative body) has determined that it will not tolerate certain behaviors that injure or damage persons or their property (Williams, 2024). We know through Biblical principles that morals, ethics, and laws are necessary in our lives. The Bible without establishing a dominant government, knowing societal needs would vary across the world, documents the need to govern man. The Bible further details that government must be as just as man.

    **References**

    Hill, A. (2018). Just business.  Christian ethics and the Marketplace.  Downers Grove, Illinois:  InterVarsity Press.

    King James Version. Bible Gateway, Romas 13 KJV – Bible Gateway. Accessed 1 Feb. 2025.

    Killingsworth, M. (2023). International Humanitarian Law: Necessity, Distinction and the ‘Standard of Civilisation.’
    _Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies_,
    _14_(2), 250–273.
    [https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062Links to an external site.](https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10062)

    Petruzzello., M. (2025).
    _Pontius Pilate governor of Judaea_. Brittanica Roman Empire.
    [https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-EmpireLinks to an external site.](https://www.britannica.com/place/Roman-Empire)

    Williams , L. (2024). The Meaning and Purposes of Law. Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-introbusiness/chapter/meaning-and-purposes-of-the-law/#:~:text=liberties%20and%20rights.-,Establishing%20Standards,damage%20persons%20or%20their%20property.