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    – 2 years ago **files (4)** – ## Template.docx – ## GradingRubric.pdf – ## ResearchPaperFinalSubmission.pdf – ConceptsandTheoriesofHumanDevelopment.pdf **## Template.docx** **School of , Liberty University** ****Author Note**** **I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.** **Correspondence c…

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    – 2 years ago

    **files (4)**

    – ## Template.docx

    – ## GradingRubric.pdf

    – ## ResearchPaperFinalSubmission.pdf

    – ConceptsandTheoriesofHumanDevelopment.pdf

    **## Template.docx**

    **School of , Liberty University**

    ****Author Note****

    **I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.**

    **Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to . Email:**

    **## Abstract**

    **_Keywords_:**

    **2**

    **2**

    **## References**

    **## GradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Content,
    Focus, and
    Organization

    123 to >111 pts

    Advanced

    The paper fully meets
    or exceeds the
    following content
    requirements:
    • The paper includes
    the results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes
    at least 8 scholarly
    journal articles as
    sources and may
    include other sources,
    including course
    materials and the
    Bible, but the bulk of
    the paper is supported
    by journal articles
    reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the
    paper does not digress
    into unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows
    well, is concise without
    being choppy, and
    avoids dramatic or
    flowery language.
    • The paper appears
    free of biases or
    opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and
    provides a summary of
    the paper.
    • The paper contains
    a well-written
    introduction that
    provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains
    a well-written summary
    and a conclusion that

    111 to >102 pts

    Proficient

    The paper meets most or
    some of the following
    content requirements:
    • The paper includes the
    results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes at
    least 8 scholarly journal
    articles as sources and
    may include other
    sources, including course
    materials and the Bible,
    but the bulk of the paper
    is supported by journal
    articles reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the paper
    does not digress into
    unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows well, is
    concise without being
    choppy, and avoids
    dramatic or flowery
    language.
    • The paper appears free
    of biases or opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and provides
    a summary of the paper.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written introduction
    that provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written summary and
    a conclusion that flows
    logically from the
    research findings.

    102 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The paper inadequately
    meets the following
    content requirements:
    • The paper includes the
    results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes at
    least 8 scholarly journal
    articles as sources and
    may include other
    sources, including course
    materials and the Bible,
    but the bulk of the paper
    is supported by journal
    articles reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the paper
    does not digress into
    unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows well, is
    concise without being
    choppy, and avoids
    dramatic or flowery
    language.
    • The paper appears free
    of biases or opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and provides
    a summary of the paper.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written introduction
    that provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written summary and
    a conclusion that flows
    logically from the
    research findings.

    0 pts

    Not Present

    The paper
    does not
    meet the
    content
    requirements.

    123
    pts

    Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric |
    PSYC725_B01_202520

    Criteria Ratings Points

    flows logically from the
    research findings.

    Grammar
    and
    Spelling,
    Current APA
    Format
    Compliance,
    and Length

    52 to >47 pts

    Advanced

    The paper meets or
    exceeds the following
    structure
    requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format
    and are cited in the
    paper. All citations
    have a corresponding
    reference, and all
    references are cited.
    • The paper is written
    in current APA format,
    including title page,
    page numbers, and
    headings.
    • Quotations, if used,
    are not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8
    pages, not including
    title page, abstract,
    and reference page(s).

    47 to >43 pts

    Proficient

    The paper meets most or
    some of the following
    structure requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format and
    are cited in the paper. All
    citations have a
    corresponding reference,
    and all references are
    cited.
    • The paper is written in
    current APA format,
    including title page, page
    numbers, and headings.
    • Quotations, if used, are
    not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8 pages,
    not including title page,
    abstract, and reference
    page(s).

    43 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The paper partially or
    inadequately meets the
    following structure
    requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format and
    are cited in the paper. All
    citations have a
    corresponding reference,
    and all references are
    cited.
    • The paper is written in
    current APA format,
    including title page, page
    numbers, and headings.
    • Quotations, if used, are
    not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8 pages,
    not including title page,
    abstract, and reference
    page(s).

    0 pts

    Not Present

    The paper
    does not
    meet the
    structure
    requirements.

    52 pts

    Total Points: 175

    Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric |
    PSYC725_B01_202520

    **## ResearchPaperFinalSubmission.pdf**

    PSYC 725

    Page 1 of 3

    RESEARCH PAPER: FINAL SUBMISSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

    OVERVIEW
    Understanding and evaluating original research is an important skill for developmental
    psychologists. Understanding research methodology and the sections of a journal article is
    critical for doctoral-level psychologists. This assignment will help you learn to objectively
    evaluate research on a developmental psychology topic and to seek, understand, and integrate
    scholarly sources of information. This assignment will also help you gain scholarly knowledge of
    a topic of interest. Researching the literature on a topic and integrating it will also help you begin
    to clarify and discern your own research interests and will help prepare you to conduct
    independent research and write about your findings in a scholarly manner.
    INSTRUCTIONS

    You will write a 7-8-page (not including title page, abstract, and reference page), research-based
    paper in current APA format that focuses on a topic of your choice related to developmental
    psychology. The paper must cite at least 8 scholarly journal articles (or chapters/articles from the
    Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, available in the LU online library,
    may be used for up to 3 of the articles; see reference at the end of this document and the link to
    this source under the Research Paper: Final Submission Resources section on the assignment
    page). Other references, including the course text and the Bible, may be incorporated in addition
    to the 8 journal articles, but the majority of the content of the paper must be supported by
    research-based, scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
    The following are not considered scholarly sources: about.com, psychologytoday.com,
    Psychology Today magazine, Wikipedia, verywell.com (Kendra Cherry), simplypsychology.com
    (Saul McLeod), psychcentral.com, webmd.com, mayoclinic.com, books written for a general
    audience, and magazines written for a general audience. Many of these resources can be useful
    for gaining knowledge of a topic and often contain accurate information, but they are not
    scholarly sources acceptable for use in a graduate-level research paper. Non-scholarly sources
    are not necessarily useless or inaccurate, but a graduate-level research paper must contain
    research-based sources, such as journal articles describing original research studies. If you are
    unsure whether or not a reference is scholarly, ask your instructor.
    You can find a list of journals affiliated with the American Psychological Association (APA) on
    the Research Paper: Final Submission Assignment page under Research Paper: Final
    Submission Resources. These are not the only acceptable journals – many others are available –
    but this list is provided to give you examples of scholarly journals. If you click “By Subject” and
    then click “Developmental Psychology,” you will see journals specific to developmental
    psychology. Child Development is another well-respected developmental psychology journal.
    Some of the databases have the option to select “peer-reviewed” sources; selecting this option
    will help you eliminate non-scholarly sources from your search results. The Jerry Falwell Library
    is a reliable place to conduct your searches.
    You do not need to pay for articles. Articles that ask you to pay for access can generally be
    accessed through the Jerry Falwell Library without requiring payment.
    Research papers must be written in formal, academic language. Avoid the following in a research
    paper:

    • Decorative fonts, color, and decorations on the title page

    PSYC 725

    Page 2 of 3

    • Contractions
    • One-sentence paragraphs
    • Building suspense or writing in a dramatic style
    • Flowery language
    • Emotional language, such as saying “It is sad that…”
    • Addressing the reader or the paper, or making the reader or the paper the subject of a

    sentence, e.g. “In this paper, the reader [or you] will learn about…”
    • The following words or phrases:

    o “a lot” or “alot”
    o “ok,” “OK,” or “okay”
    o “nowadays,” “now-a-days,” or “now a days”
    o “we” – as in “Now we are going to learn about…” or using “we” to refer to

    people in general
    o “you”
    o “thru” for “through”
    o “I think/feel/believe…”
    o “oftentimes” or “often times”
    o “based off of” for “based on”

    • Redundancies such as “each and every” or using 2 conjunctions together, e.g. “but yet…”
    • Separating 2 sentences with a comma
    • Discussing the process of researching or writing the paper, e.g. “I went to the library and

    read an article about…”
    • Assuming the reader knows of the course you are taking or about your course textbook,

    e.g. “In week 3 of our class…” or “As it states in our course textbook…” (If you use the
    course textbook as a reference, use a citation and reference in current APA format, as you
    would with any other reference.)

    • Questioning the reader or beginning the paper with a question, e.g. “Have you ever
    wondered about…?”

    • Stating that the topic is an “interesting” or “important” topic
    • Using vocabulary that you do not know the meaning of, or eloquent phrases, to attempt to

    impress the reader
    • Excessive quoting of other material

    The Research Paper must be objective and present actual research findings, not your opinion or
    what you want the research to show. Avoid exclusively using sources that support your biases.
    Because people often choose topics about which they have strong opinions, you will have a
    chance to discuss your opinions about your topic, as well as any personal significance the topic
    has for you, in the Discussion Thread: Theory, Metatheory, Nature/Nurture, Human
    Genome Project. The Research Paper itself is not a place to express opinions. You may
    certainly reach a conclusion that supports your views, if that is what the research actually shows,
    and express the conclusion in the paper, but such a conclusion must be supported by the research
    you cite in the paper and cannot be based on your opinion.

    There are 2 options for integrating a biblical perspective. You may incorporate a biblical
    perspective into the paper, or you may discuss the topic from a biblical perspective as part of

    PSYC 725

    Page 3 of 3

    your Discussion Thread: Theory, Metatheory, Nature/Nurture, Human Genome Project. Or
    you may do both, if you wish.

    This assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool. You will have
    the opportunity to resubmit until you are satisfied there is no plagiarism, but if you plan to run
    the paper through Turnitin multiple times, you must allow time for this process in order to
    submit the final version of the paper on time. Note that sometimes the score may appear
    relatively high because of the references or because of several small coincidental matches that
    may not be of concern. You are not looking for a specific percentage; instead, examine the report
    to see the matches to determine the significance of the similarities. If you are unsure if matches
    that show up are of concern, contact your instructor. You will not be penalized for unintentional
    plagiarism in drafts of the paper prior to your final submission.

    Be sure to review the Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric before completing
    the assignment.

    Reference Information for Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science:

    Lerner, R. M., Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P.C.M. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of child
    psychology and developmental science, Vol. 1: Theory and method (7th ed.). John Wiley
    & Sons.

    You can access the above text on the Research Paper: Final Submission Assignment page
    under Research Paper: Final Submission Resources.

    Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

    https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals

    Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Theory and Method

    [https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals](https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals)

    **ConceptsandTheoriesofHumanDevelopment.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/conceptsandtheoriesofhumandevelopment-pdf-10201189)

    **ConceptsandTheoriesofHumanDevelopment.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/conceptsandtheoriesofhumandevelopment-pdf-10201189)

    **## Template.docx**

    **School of , Liberty University**

    ****Author Note****

    **I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.**

    **Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to . Email:**

    **## Abstract**

    **_Keywords_:**

    **2**

    **2**

    **## References**

    **## GradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Content,
    Focus, and
    Organization

    123 to >111 pts

    Advanced

    The paper fully meets
    or exceeds the
    following content
    requirements:
    • The paper includes
    the results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes
    at least 8 scholarly
    journal articles as
    sources and may
    include other sources,
    including course
    materials and the
    Bible, but the bulk of
    the paper is supported
    by journal articles
    reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the
    paper does not digress
    into unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows
    well, is concise without
    being choppy, and
    avoids dramatic or
    flowery language.
    • The paper appears
    free of biases or
    opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and
    provides a summary of
    the paper.
    • The paper contains
    a well-written
    introduction that
    provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains
    a well-written summary
    and a conclusion that

    111 to >102 pts

    Proficient

    The paper meets most or
    some of the following
    content requirements:
    • The paper includes the
    results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes at
    least 8 scholarly journal
    articles as sources and
    may include other
    sources, including course
    materials and the Bible,
    but the bulk of the paper
    is supported by journal
    articles reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the paper
    does not digress into
    unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows well, is
    concise without being
    choppy, and avoids
    dramatic or flowery
    language.
    • The paper appears free
    of biases or opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and provides
    a summary of the paper.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written introduction
    that provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written summary and
    a conclusion that flows
    logically from the
    research findings.

    102 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The paper inadequately
    meets the following
    content requirements:
    • The paper includes the
    results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes at
    least 8 scholarly journal
    articles as sources and
    may include other
    sources, including course
    materials and the Bible,
    but the bulk of the paper
    is supported by journal
    articles reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the paper
    does not digress into
    unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows well, is
    concise without being
    choppy, and avoids
    dramatic or flowery
    language.
    • The paper appears free
    of biases or opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and provides
    a summary of the paper.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written introduction
    that provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written summary and
    a conclusion that flows
    logically from the
    research findings.

    0 pts

    Not Present

    The paper
    does not
    meet the
    content
    requirements.

    123
    pts

    Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric |
    PSYC725_B01_202520

    Criteria Ratings Points

    flows logically from the
    research findings.

    Grammar
    and
    Spelling,
    Current APA
    Format
    Compliance,
    and Length

    52 to >47 pts

    Advanced

    The paper meets or
    exceeds the following
    structure
    requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format
    and are cited in the
    paper. All citations
    have a corresponding
    reference, and all
    references are cited.
    • The paper is written
    in current APA format,
    including title page,
    page numbers, and
    headings.
    • Quotations, if used,
    are not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8
    pages, not including
    title page, abstract,
    and reference page(s).

    47 to >43 pts

    Proficient

    The paper meets most or
    some of the following
    structure requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format and
    are cited in the paper. All
    citations have a
    corresponding reference,
    and all references are
    cited.
    • The paper is written in
    current APA format,
    including title page, page
    numbers, and headings.
    • Quotations, if used, are
    not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8 pages,
    not including title page,
    abstract, and reference
    page(s).

    43 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The paper partially or
    inadequately meets the
    following structure
    requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format and
    are cited in the paper. All
    citations have a
    corresponding reference,
    and all references are
    cited.
    • The paper is written in
    current APA format,
    including title page, page
    numbers, and headings.
    • Quotations, if used, are
    not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8 pages,
    not including title page,
    abstract, and reference
    page(s).

    0 pts

    Not Present

    The paper
    does not
    meet the
    structure
    requirements.

    52 pts

    Total Points: 175

    Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric |
    PSYC725_B01_202520

    **## ResearchPaperFinalSubmission.pdf**

    PSYC 725

    Page 1 of 3

    RESEARCH PAPER: FINAL SUBMISSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

    OVERVIEW
    Understanding and evaluating original research is an important skill for developmental
    psychologists. Understanding research methodology and the sections of a journal article is
    critical for doctoral-level psychologists. This assignment will help you learn to objectively
    evaluate research on a developmental psychology topic and to seek, understand, and integrate
    scholarly sources of information. This assignment will also help you gain scholarly knowledge of
    a topic of interest. Researching the literature on a topic and integrating it will also help you begin
    to clarify and discern your own research interests and will help prepare you to conduct
    independent research and write about your findings in a scholarly manner.
    INSTRUCTIONS

    You will write a 7-8-page (not including title page, abstract, and reference page), research-based
    paper in current APA format that focuses on a topic of your choice related to developmental
    psychology. The paper must cite at least 8 scholarly journal articles (or chapters/articles from the
    Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, available in the LU online library,
    may be used for up to 3 of the articles; see reference at the end of this document and the link to
    this source under the Research Paper: Final Submission Resources section on the assignment
    page). Other references, including the course text and the Bible, may be incorporated in addition
    to the 8 journal articles, but the majority of the content of the paper must be supported by
    research-based, scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
    The following are not considered scholarly sources: about.com, psychologytoday.com,
    Psychology Today magazine, Wikipedia, verywell.com (Kendra Cherry), simplypsychology.com
    (Saul McLeod), psychcentral.com, webmd.com, mayoclinic.com, books written for a general
    audience, and magazines written for a general audience. Many of these resources can be useful
    for gaining knowledge of a topic and often contain accurate information, but they are not
    scholarly sources acceptable for use in a graduate-level research paper. Non-scholarly sources
    are not necessarily useless or inaccurate, but a graduate-level research paper must contain
    research-based sources, such as journal articles describing original research studies. If you are
    unsure whether or not a reference is scholarly, ask your instructor.
    You can find a list of journals affiliated with the American Psychological Association (APA) on
    the Research Paper: Final Submission Assignment page under Research Paper: Final
    Submission Resources. These are not the only acceptable journals – many others are available –
    but this list is provided to give you examples of scholarly journals. If you click “By Subject” and
    then click “Developmental Psychology,” you will see journals specific to developmental
    psychology. Child Development is another well-respected developmental psychology journal.
    Some of the databases have the option to select “peer-reviewed” sources; selecting this option
    will help you eliminate non-scholarly sources from your search results. The Jerry Falwell Library
    is a reliable place to conduct your searches.
    You do not need to pay for articles. Articles that ask you to pay for access can generally be
    accessed through the Jerry Falwell Library without requiring payment.
    Research papers must be written in formal, academic language. Avoid the following in a research
    paper:

    • Decorative fonts, color, and decorations on the title page

    PSYC 725

    Page 2 of 3

    • Contractions
    • One-sentence paragraphs
    • Building suspense or writing in a dramatic style
    • Flowery language
    • Emotional language, such as saying “It is sad that…”
    • Addressing the reader or the paper, or making the reader or the paper the subject of a

    sentence, e.g. “In this paper, the reader [or you] will learn about…”
    • The following words or phrases:

    o “a lot” or “alot”
    o “ok,” “OK,” or “okay”
    o “nowadays,” “now-a-days,” or “now a days”
    o “we” – as in “Now we are going to learn about…” or using “we” to refer to

    people in general
    o “you”
    o “thru” for “through”
    o “I think/feel/believe…”
    o “oftentimes” or “often times”
    o “based off of” for “based on”

    • Redundancies such as “each and every” or using 2 conjunctions together, e.g. “but yet…”
    • Separating 2 sentences with a comma
    • Discussing the process of researching or writing the paper, e.g. “I went to the library and

    read an article about…”
    • Assuming the reader knows of the course you are taking or about your course textbook,

    e.g. “In week 3 of our class…” or “As it states in our course textbook…” (If you use the
    course textbook as a reference, use a citation and reference in current APA format, as you
    would with any other reference.)

    • Questioning the reader or beginning the paper with a question, e.g. “Have you ever
    wondered about…?”

    • Stating that the topic is an “interesting” or “important” topic
    • Using vocabulary that you do not know the meaning of, or eloquent phrases, to attempt to

    impress the reader
    • Excessive quoting of other material

    The Research Paper must be objective and present actual research findings, not your opinion or
    what you want the research to show. Avoid exclusively using sources that support your biases.
    Because people often choose topics about which they have strong opinions, you will have a
    chance to discuss your opinions about your topic, as well as any personal significance the topic
    has for you, in the Discussion Thread: Theory, Metatheory, Nature/Nurture, Human
    Genome Project. The Research Paper itself is not a place to express opinions. You may
    certainly reach a conclusion that supports your views, if that is what the research actually shows,
    and express the conclusion in the paper, but such a conclusion must be supported by the research
    you cite in the paper and cannot be based on your opinion.

    There are 2 options for integrating a biblical perspective. You may incorporate a biblical
    perspective into the paper, or you may discuss the topic from a biblical perspective as part of

    PSYC 725

    Page 3 of 3

    your Discussion Thread: Theory, Metatheory, Nature/Nurture, Human Genome Project. Or
    you may do both, if you wish.

    This assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool. You will have
    the opportunity to resubmit until you are satisfied there is no plagiarism, but if you plan to run
    the paper through Turnitin multiple times, you must allow time for this process in order to
    submit the final version of the paper on time. Note that sometimes the score may appear
    relatively high because of the references or because of several small coincidental matches that
    may not be of concern. You are not looking for a specific percentage; instead, examine the report
    to see the matches to determine the significance of the similarities. If you are unsure if matches
    that show up are of concern, contact your instructor. You will not be penalized for unintentional
    plagiarism in drafts of the paper prior to your final submission.

    Be sure to review the Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric before completing
    the assignment.

    Reference Information for Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science:

    Lerner, R. M., Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P.C.M. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of child
    psychology and developmental science, Vol. 1: Theory and method (7th ed.). John Wiley
    & Sons.

    You can access the above text on the Research Paper: Final Submission Assignment page
    under Research Paper: Final Submission Resources.

    Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

    https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals

    Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Theory and Method

    [https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals](https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals)

    **ConceptsandTheoriesofHumanDevelopment.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/conceptsandtheoriesofhumandevelopment-pdf-10201189)

    **## Template.docx**

    **School of , Liberty University**

    ****Author Note****

    **I have no known conflict of interest to disclose.**

    **Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to . Email:**

    **## Abstract**

    **_Keywords_:**

    **2**

    **2**

    **## References**

    **## GradingRubric.pdf**

    Criteria Ratings Points

    Content,
    Focus, and
    Organization

    123 to >111 pts

    Advanced

    The paper fully meets
    or exceeds the
    following content
    requirements:
    • The paper includes
    the results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes
    at least 8 scholarly
    journal articles as
    sources and may
    include other sources,
    including course
    materials and the
    Bible, but the bulk of
    the paper is supported
    by journal articles
    reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the
    paper does not digress
    into unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows
    well, is concise without
    being choppy, and
    avoids dramatic or
    flowery language.
    • The paper appears
    free of biases or
    opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and
    provides a summary of
    the paper.
    • The paper contains
    a well-written
    introduction that
    provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains
    a well-written summary
    and a conclusion that

    111 to >102 pts

    Proficient

    The paper meets most or
    some of the following
    content requirements:
    • The paper includes the
    results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes at
    least 8 scholarly journal
    articles as sources and
    may include other
    sources, including course
    materials and the Bible,
    but the bulk of the paper
    is supported by journal
    articles reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the paper
    does not digress into
    unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows well, is
    concise without being
    choppy, and avoids
    dramatic or flowery
    language.
    • The paper appears free
    of biases or opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and provides
    a summary of the paper.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written introduction
    that provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written summary and
    a conclusion that flows
    logically from the
    research findings.

    102 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The paper inadequately
    meets the following
    content requirements:
    • The paper includes the
    results of original
    research regarding the
    topic.
    • The tone is objective
    and professional.
    • The paper includes at
    least 8 scholarly journal
    articles as sources and
    may include other
    sources, including course
    materials and the Bible,
    but the bulk of the paper
    is supported by journal
    articles reporting findings
    of original research.
    • The sources and the
    totality of the paper are
    on-topic, and the paper
    does not digress into
    unrelated topics.
    • The paper flows well, is
    concise without being
    choppy, and avoids
    dramatic or flowery
    language.
    • The paper appears free
    of biases or opinion.
    • The abstract is
    well-written and provides
    a summary of the paper.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written introduction
    that provides an
    appropriate framework
    for the research that is
    discussed.
    • The paper contains a
    well-written summary and
    a conclusion that flows
    logically from the
    research findings.

    0 pts

    Not Present

    The paper
    does not
    meet the
    content
    requirements.

    123
    pts

    Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric |
    PSYC725_B01_202520

    Criteria Ratings Points

    flows logically from the
    research findings.

    Grammar
    and
    Spelling,
    Current APA
    Format
    Compliance,
    and Length

    52 to >47 pts

    Advanced

    The paper meets or
    exceeds the following
    structure
    requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format
    and are cited in the
    paper. All citations
    have a corresponding
    reference, and all
    references are cited.
    • The paper is written
    in current APA format,
    including title page,
    page numbers, and
    headings.
    • Quotations, if used,
    are not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8
    pages, not including
    title page, abstract,
    and reference page(s).

    47 to >43 pts

    Proficient

    The paper meets most or
    some of the following
    structure requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format and
    are cited in the paper. All
    citations have a
    corresponding reference,
    and all references are
    cited.
    • The paper is written in
    current APA format,
    including title page, page
    numbers, and headings.
    • Quotations, if used, are
    not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8 pages,
    not including title page,
    abstract, and reference
    page(s).

    43 to >0 pts

    Developing

    The paper partially or
    inadequately meets the
    following structure
    requirements:
    • References are in
    current APA format and
    are cited in the paper. All
    citations have a
    corresponding reference,
    and all references are
    cited.
    • The paper is written in
    current APA format,
    including title page, page
    numbers, and headings.
    • Quotations, if used, are
    not excessive.
    • Proper spelling and
    grammar are used.
    • Paper is free of
    typographical errors.
    • Paper is 7 to 8 pages,
    not including title page,
    abstract, and reference
    page(s).

    0 pts

    Not Present

    The paper
    does not
    meet the
    structure
    requirements.

    52 pts

    Total Points: 175

    Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric |
    PSYC725_B01_202520

    **## ResearchPaperFinalSubmission.pdf**

    PSYC 725

    Page 1 of 3

    RESEARCH PAPER: FINAL SUBMISSION ASSIGNMENT INSTRUCTIONS

    OVERVIEW
    Understanding and evaluating original research is an important skill for developmental
    psychologists. Understanding research methodology and the sections of a journal article is
    critical for doctoral-level psychologists. This assignment will help you learn to objectively
    evaluate research on a developmental psychology topic and to seek, understand, and integrate
    scholarly sources of information. This assignment will also help you gain scholarly knowledge of
    a topic of interest. Researching the literature on a topic and integrating it will also help you begin
    to clarify and discern your own research interests and will help prepare you to conduct
    independent research and write about your findings in a scholarly manner.
    INSTRUCTIONS

    You will write a 7-8-page (not including title page, abstract, and reference page), research-based
    paper in current APA format that focuses on a topic of your choice related to developmental
    psychology. The paper must cite at least 8 scholarly journal articles (or chapters/articles from the
    Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, available in the LU online library,
    may be used for up to 3 of the articles; see reference at the end of this document and the link to
    this source under the Research Paper: Final Submission Resources section on the assignment
    page). Other references, including the course text and the Bible, may be incorporated in addition
    to the 8 journal articles, but the majority of the content of the paper must be supported by
    research-based, scholarly, peer-reviewed journal articles.
    The following are not considered scholarly sources: about.com, psychologytoday.com,
    Psychology Today magazine, Wikipedia, verywell.com (Kendra Cherry), simplypsychology.com
    (Saul McLeod), psychcentral.com, webmd.com, mayoclinic.com, books written for a general
    audience, and magazines written for a general audience. Many of these resources can be useful
    for gaining knowledge of a topic and often contain accurate information, but they are not
    scholarly sources acceptable for use in a graduate-level research paper. Non-scholarly sources
    are not necessarily useless or inaccurate, but a graduate-level research paper must contain
    research-based sources, such as journal articles describing original research studies. If you are
    unsure whether or not a reference is scholarly, ask your instructor.
    You can find a list of journals affiliated with the American Psychological Association (APA) on
    the Research Paper: Final Submission Assignment page under Research Paper: Final
    Submission Resources. These are not the only acceptable journals – many others are available –
    but this list is provided to give you examples of scholarly journals. If you click “By Subject” and
    then click “Developmental Psychology,” you will see journals specific to developmental
    psychology. Child Development is another well-respected developmental psychology journal.
    Some of the databases have the option to select “peer-reviewed” sources; selecting this option
    will help you eliminate non-scholarly sources from your search results. The Jerry Falwell Library
    is a reliable place to conduct your searches.
    You do not need to pay for articles. Articles that ask you to pay for access can generally be
    accessed through the Jerry Falwell Library without requiring payment.
    Research papers must be written in formal, academic language. Avoid the following in a research
    paper:

    • Decorative fonts, color, and decorations on the title page

    PSYC 725

    Page 2 of 3

    • Contractions
    • One-sentence paragraphs
    • Building suspense or writing in a dramatic style
    • Flowery language
    • Emotional language, such as saying “It is sad that…”
    • Addressing the reader or the paper, or making the reader or the paper the subject of a

    sentence, e.g. “In this paper, the reader [or you] will learn about…”
    • The following words or phrases:

    o “a lot” or “alot”
    o “ok,” “OK,” or “okay”
    o “nowadays,” “now-a-days,” or “now a days”
    o “we” – as in “Now we are going to learn about…” or using “we” to refer to

    people in general
    o “you”
    o “thru” for “through”
    o “I think/feel/believe…”
    o “oftentimes” or “often times”
    o “based off of” for “based on”

    • Redundancies such as “each and every” or using 2 conjunctions together, e.g. “but yet…”
    • Separating 2 sentences with a comma
    • Discussing the process of researching or writing the paper, e.g. “I went to the library and

    read an article about…”
    • Assuming the reader knows of the course you are taking or about your course textbook,

    e.g. “In week 3 of our class…” or “As it states in our course textbook…” (If you use the
    course textbook as a reference, use a citation and reference in current APA format, as you
    would with any other reference.)

    • Questioning the reader or beginning the paper with a question, e.g. “Have you ever
    wondered about…?”

    • Stating that the topic is an “interesting” or “important” topic
    • Using vocabulary that you do not know the meaning of, or eloquent phrases, to attempt to

    impress the reader
    • Excessive quoting of other material

    The Research Paper must be objective and present actual research findings, not your opinion or
    what you want the research to show. Avoid exclusively using sources that support your biases.
    Because people often choose topics about which they have strong opinions, you will have a
    chance to discuss your opinions about your topic, as well as any personal significance the topic
    has for you, in the Discussion Thread: Theory, Metatheory, Nature/Nurture, Human
    Genome Project. The Research Paper itself is not a place to express opinions. You may
    certainly reach a conclusion that supports your views, if that is what the research actually shows,
    and express the conclusion in the paper, but such a conclusion must be supported by the research
    you cite in the paper and cannot be based on your opinion.

    There are 2 options for integrating a biblical perspective. You may incorporate a biblical
    perspective into the paper, or you may discuss the topic from a biblical perspective as part of

    PSYC 725

    Page 3 of 3

    your Discussion Thread: Theory, Metatheory, Nature/Nurture, Human Genome Project. Or
    you may do both, if you wish.

    This assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool. You will have
    the opportunity to resubmit until you are satisfied there is no plagiarism, but if you plan to run
    the paper through Turnitin multiple times, you must allow time for this process in order to
    submit the final version of the paper on time. Note that sometimes the score may appear
    relatively high because of the references or because of several small coincidental matches that
    may not be of concern. You are not looking for a specific percentage; instead, examine the report
    to see the matches to determine the significance of the similarities. If you are unsure if matches
    that show up are of concern, contact your instructor. You will not be penalized for unintentional
    plagiarism in drafts of the paper prior to your final submission.

    Be sure to review the Research Paper: Final Submission Grading Rubric before completing
    the assignment.

    Reference Information for Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science:

    Lerner, R. M., Overton, W. F. & Molenaar, P.C.M. (Eds.). (2015). Handbook of child
    psychology and developmental science, Vol. 1: Theory and method (7th ed.). John Wiley
    & Sons.

    You can access the above text on the Research Paper: Final Submission Assignment page
    under Research Paper: Final Submission Resources.

    Note: Your assignment will be checked for originality via the Turnitin plagiarism tool.

    https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals

    Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science: Theory and Method

    [https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals](https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals)

    **ConceptsandTheoriesofHumanDevelopment.pdf**

    This file is too large to display. [View in new window](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/conceptsandtheoriesofhumandevelopment-pdf-10201189)

  • [Solved] osha powerpoint

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    you will create a PowerPoint presentation covering these main safety profession concepts, (important concepts related to OSH, including roles, accidents and injuries, OSHA, and workplace hazards). including the following: overview of OSHA’s primary functions the roles of organizations that were impo…

    Instant Solution Download

    $6.99

    Immediate access to the full model answer, formatted citations, and rubric breakdown.

    Need a Fresh Custom Paper?

    Have this question answered from scratch according to your specific instructions and deadline.

    Order on TutorsGallery →

    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    you will create a PowerPoint presentation covering these main safety profession concepts, (important concepts related to OSH, including roles, accidents and injuries, OSHA, and workplace hazards). including the following:

    overview of OSHA’s primary functions the roles of organizations that were important to shaping the safety movement in the United States

    the leadership role of the safety professional the importance of recordkeeping and accident investigations the direct

    and indirect costs of accidents at least two common workplace hazards regulated by OSHA

    the PowerPoint Presentation must be at least 10 slides in length, not counting the title or reference slides. the slides should utilize bullet points. Do not include full paragraphs of written text. Please use the slide notes function for each slide to add supplementary information that you would use to aid you in the presentation. reference are provided

    – [\
    \
    ckae197week3.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/ckae197week3-pdf "ckae197week3.pdf")
    – [\
    \
    buildings-13-012373week3.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/buildings-13-012373week3-pdf "buildings-13-012373week3.pdf")
    – [\
    \
    WRAP-role-theory-perspectives-past-present-future-applications-role-theories-management-research-week3.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/wrap-role-theory-perspectives-past-present-future-applications-role-theories-management-research-week3-pdf "WRAP-role-theory-perspectives-past-present-future-applications-role-theories-management-research-week3.pdf")
    – [\
    \
    Weil.Enforcing-OSHA-Role-of-Unions.IR.1991week1.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/weil-enforcing-osha-role-of-unions-ir-1991week1-pdf "Weil.Enforcing-OSHA-Role-of-Unions.IR.1991week1.pdf")

    – 2 years ago

  • [Solved] violent behavior

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## SSC130_Essay.docx **## SSC130_Essay.docx** ## SSC130: Essay Your project must be submitted as a Word document (.docx, .doc). Your project will be individually graded by your instructor and therefore may take up to five to seven days to grade. Be sure that each of y…

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (1)**

    – ## SSC130_Essay.docx

    **## SSC130_Essay.docx**

    ## SSC130: Essay

    Your project must be submitted as a Word document (.docx, .doc). Your project will be individually graded by your instructor and therefore may take up to five to seven days to grade.

    Be sure that each of your files contains the following information:

    · Your name

    · Your student ID number

    · The exam number (found on the lesson assignment upload page)

    To submit your graded project, proceed to the Graded Assignment page in this lesson. Follow the instructions provided to upload the file and submit it for grading.

    Be sure to keep a backup copy of any files you submit to the school!

    After your assignment has been graded, feedback will be available on the Graded Assignment page within the course. It will have an option to download the feedback from the instructor.

    ## **Objective**

    To successfully complete this course, you must write a research essay based on information found in your textbook,
    _Psychology and Your Life_, by Robert S. Feldman, and three outside sources. You'll choose one of the three topics below and write an essay of six complete paragraphs for or against the question being asked. After presenting both sides of the debate, you'll make three claims to support your thesis and convince the reader why your opinion is correct.

    ## **Topics**

    1. Media Violence: Does media violence cause violent behavior?

    2. Eyewitness Testimony: Is eyewitness testimony reliable in the court of law?

    3. The Opioid Epidemic: Are doctors who overprescribe narcotic pain medication causing the opioid epidemic?

    _Note:_ You’re to select only one topic for your paper.

    ## **Process**

    Your essay must include the following:

    1. A title page

    2. Introduction paragraph and thesis statement

    3. Topic background paragraph that presents both sides of the debate

    4. Body consisting of three claim paragraphs and supporting evidence

    5. Conclusion paragraph

    6. APA style reference page

    ## **The Title Page**

    The first page of your essay will be the title page. Provide the following information:

    · The title of your research essay

    · Your name and student ID

    · “SSC130: Essentials of Psychology”

    · Exam number

    · “Penn Foster College”

    · Current date

    ## **Formatting**

    Format your essay following American Psychological Association (APA) style using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. Set your paragraph line spacing to 2.0, double-spacing. Use 1 inch margins. Include a header with a shortened title in ALL CAPS on the left and the page number on the right. In-text citations and the reference page must be in APA style. On this page list websites, journals, and all other references used in preparing the submission. Also include a cover page and in-text citations. For assistance with this project and APA in-text citations and references, please see the
    [Biology page in the Penn Foster Virtual Library](http://pflibrary.pennfoster.edu/c.php?g=589955).

    Remember that grammar counts! Be sure to reread, revise and proofread your essay for polished English grammar, spelling, capitalization, spacing, and mechanics.

    ## **Rubric**

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | **SSC130: Essentials of Psychology**<br>**Research Essay Evaluation** |
    | Name:<br>Student ID: | A | B | C | F |
    | CONTENT<br>• The student clearly stated his/her opinion on a chosen topic.<br>• The student used at least three different sources and listed these sources on an APA-style reference page.<br>• The student presented both sides of the debate.<br>• The student wrote three claims to support the thesis.<br>• The student cited evidence to support each claim. | 70–64 | 63–58 | 57–50 | 49–0 |
    | GRAMMAR, SENTENCES, and MECHANICS<br>• The student used correct grammar, spelling, mechanics, punctuation, and sentence structure.<br>• The student formed six complete paragraphs. | 15–13 | 12–11 | 10–9 | 8–0 |
    | FORMAT and LENGTH<br>• The student’s title page contains all the required information (title; name and student number; course title and number; exam number, and current date) and includes a header with page numbers.<br>• The student used Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spaced and 1-inch margins.<br>• The student included APA style in-text citations and a reference page. | 15–13 | 12–11 | 10–9 | 8–0 |

    **## SSC130_Essay.docx**

    ## SSC130: Essay

    Your project must be submitted as a Word document (.docx, .doc). Your project will be individually graded by your instructor and therefore may take up to five to seven days to grade.

    Be sure that each of your files contains the following information:

    · Your name

    · Your student ID number

    · The exam number (found on the lesson assignment upload page)

    To submit your graded project, proceed to the Graded Assignment page in this lesson. Follow the instructions provided to upload the file and submit it for grading.

    Be sure to keep a backup copy of any files you submit to the school!

    After your assignment has been graded, feedback will be available on the Graded Assignment page within the course. It will have an option to download the feedback from the instructor.

    ## **Objective**

    To successfully complete this course, you must write a research essay based on information found in your textbook,
    _Psychology and Your Life_, by Robert S. Feldman, and three outside sources. You'll choose one of the three topics below and write an essay of six complete paragraphs for or against the question being asked. After presenting both sides of the debate, you'll make three claims to support your thesis and convince the reader why your opinion is correct.

    ## **Topics**

    1. Media Violence: Does media violence cause violent behavior?

    2. Eyewitness Testimony: Is eyewitness testimony reliable in the court of law?

    3. The Opioid Epidemic: Are doctors who overprescribe narcotic pain medication causing the opioid epidemic?

    _Note:_ You’re to select only one topic for your paper.

    ## **Process**

    Your essay must include the following:

    1. A title page

    2. Introduction paragraph and thesis statement

    3. Topic background paragraph that presents both sides of the debate

    4. Body consisting of three claim paragraphs and supporting evidence

    5. Conclusion paragraph

    6. APA style reference page

    ## **The Title Page**

    The first page of your essay will be the title page. Provide the following information:

    · The title of your research essay

    · Your name and student ID

    · “SSC130: Essentials of Psychology”

    · Exam number

    · “Penn Foster College”

    · Current date

    ## **Formatting**

    Format your essay following American Psychological Association (APA) style using 12 pt. Times New Roman font. Set your paragraph line spacing to 2.0, double-spacing. Use 1 inch margins. Include a header with a shortened title in ALL CAPS on the left and the page number on the right. In-text citations and the reference page must be in APA style. On this page list websites, journals, and all other references used in preparing the submission. Also include a cover page and in-text citations. For assistance with this project and APA in-text citations and references, please see the
    [Biology page in the Penn Foster Virtual Library](http://pflibrary.pennfoster.edu/c.php?g=589955).

    Remember that grammar counts! Be sure to reread, revise and proofread your essay for polished English grammar, spelling, capitalization, spacing, and mechanics.

    ## **Rubric**

    | | | | | |
    | — | — | — | — | — |
    | **SSC130: Essentials of Psychology**<br>**Research Essay Evaluation** |
    | Name:<br>Student ID: | A | B | C | F |
    | CONTENT<br>• The student clearly stated his/her opinion on a chosen topic.<br>• The student used at least three different sources and listed these sources on an APA-style reference page.<br>• The student presented both sides of the debate.<br>• The student wrote three claims to support the thesis.<br>• The student cited evidence to support each claim. | 70–64 | 63–58 | 57–50 | 49–0 |
    | GRAMMAR, SENTENCES, and MECHANICS<br>• The student used correct grammar, spelling, mechanics, punctuation, and sentence structure.<br>• The student formed six complete paragraphs. | 15–13 | 12–11 | 10–9 | 8–0 |
    | FORMAT and LENGTH<br>• The student’s title page contains all the required information (title; name and student number; course title and number; exam number, and current date) and includes a header with page numbers.<br>• The student used Times New Roman 12-point font, double-spaced and 1-inch margins.<br>• The student included APA style in-text citations and a reference page. | 15–13 | 12–11 | 10–9 | 8–0 |

  • [Solved] Time

    ✓ Verified Academic Solution Available

    Executive Solution Overview

    – 2 years ago **files (2)** – ## Time.pdf – ## TalkLess.pdf **## Time.pdf** Rocks, pebbles, sand: There’s very little extra time in education, particularly when so many other urgent and important items rise to the top of the agenda. After reviewing the examples provided, how would you approach this …

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    Assignment Prompt & Instructions

    – 2 years ago

    **files (2)**

    – ## Time.pdf

    – ## TalkLess.pdf

    **## Time.pdf**

    Rocks, pebbles, sand:

    There’s very little extra time in education, particularly when so many other urgent and
    important items rise to the top of the agenda. After reviewing the examples provided,
    how would you approach this differently? What similar scenario have you observed in
    your setting?

    Submit a Word document with your answers.

    here is a short visual interpretation of the story.

    [http://www.youtube.com/embed/cPgMeKfQFq8](http://www.youtube.com/embed/cPgMeKfQFq8)

    **## TalkLess.pdf**

    Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.
    Lessons in the art of listening, from a C.I.A. agent, a focus group moderator and more.

    Jan. 9, 2020
    By Kate Murphy

    When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking
    about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer
    your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so
    attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so spot on that you felt truly
    understood?

    We are encouraged to listen to our hearts, our inner voices and our guts, but rarely are
    we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people. Instead, we talk over
    one another at cocktail parties, work meetings and even family dinners. Online and in
    person, it’s all about defining yourself, shaping the narrative and staying on message.

    And yet, listening can be more valuable than speaking. Wars have been fought, fortunes
    lost and friendships wrecked for lack of listening. It is only by listening that we engage,
    understand, empathize, cooperate and develop as human beings. It is fundamental to
    any successful relationship — personal, professional and political.

    In writing a book about listening, I asked people from Brooklyn to Beijing what it meant
    to be a good listener. The typical response was a blank stare. People had no trouble,
    however, telling me what it meant to be a bad listener, rattling off actions such as
    interrupting, looking at a phone, and responding in a narcissistic or confused way. The
    sad truth is that people have more experience being cut off, ignored and misunderstood
    than heard to their satisfaction.

    Of course, technology plays a role. Social media provides a virtual megaphone, along
    with the means to filter out opposing views. People find phone calls intrusive and ignore
    voice mail, preferring text or wordless emoji. If people are listening to anything, it’s
    likely through headphones or earbuds, where they feel safe inside their own curated
    sound bubbles. This is all fueling what public health officials describe as an epidemic of
    loneliness in the United States.

    But tech is not the only culprit. High schools and colleges have debate teams and
    courses in rhetoric and persuasion, but rarely, if ever, offer classes or extracurricular
    activities that teach careful listening. You can get a doctorate in speech communication
    and join clubs such as Toastmasters to perfect your public speaking, but who strives for
    excellence in listening? The image of success and power today is someone miked up and
    prowling around a stage or orating from behind a lectern. Giving a TED talk or
    delivering a commencement speech is living the dream.

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    The cacophony of modern life also stops us from listening. The acoustics in restaurants
    can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices
    with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and after-lunch belch
    make for constant racket. Traffic noise on city streets, music playing in shops and the
    bean grinder at your favorite coffeehouse exceed the volume of normal conversation by
    as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss.

    So how can we reclaim the lost art of listening? After a couple of years studying the
    neuroscience, psychology and sociology of listening, as well as consulting some of the
    best professional listeners out there (including a C.I.A. agent, focus group moderator,
    radio producer, priest, bartender and furniture salesmen), I discovered that listening
    goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how
    they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they
    say resonates within you.

    It’s not about merely holding your peace while someone else holds forth. Quite the
    opposite. A lot of listening has to do with how you respond — the degree to which you
    facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process,
    crystallize your own.

    Good listeners ask good questions. One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned as a
    journalist is that anyone can be interesting if you ask the right questions. That is, if you
    ask truly curious questions that don’t have the hidden agenda of fixing, saving, advising,
    convincing or correcting. Curious questions don’t begin with “Wouldn’t you agree…?” or
    “Don’t you think…?” and they definitely don’t end with “right?” The idea is to explore
    the other person’s point of view, not sway it.

    For example, when trying to find out why people might go to the grocery store late at
    night, a focus group moderator told me, she didn’t ask leading questions like, “Do you
    shop late a night because you didn’t get around to it during the day?” or “Do you shop at
    night because that’s when they restock the shelves?” Instead, she turned her question
    into an invitation: “Tell me about the last time you went grocery shopping late at night.”
    This, she said, prompted a quiet, unassuming woman who had hardly spoken up to that
    point to raise her hand. “I had just smoked a joint and was looking for a ménage à trois
    — me, Ben and Jerry,” she said. Grocers, take note.

    You also want to avoid asking people personal and appraising questions like “What do
    you do for a living?” or “What part of town do you live in?” or “What school did you go
    to?” or “Are you married?” This line of questioning is not an honest attempt to get to
    know who you’re talking to so much as rank them in the social hierarchy. It’s more like
    an interrogation and, as a former C.I.A. agent told me, interrogation will get you
    information, but it won’t be credible or reliable.

    In social situations, peppering people with judgmental questions is likely to shift the
    conversation into a superficial, self-promoting elevator pitch. In other words, the kinds
    of conversations that make you want to leave the party early and rush home to your dog.

    [http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/](http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/)

    Instead, ask about people’s interests. Try to find out what excites or aggravates them —
    their daily pleasures or what keeps them up at night. Ask about the last movie they saw
    or for the story behind a piece of jewelry they’re wearing. Also good are expansive
    questions, such as, “If you could spend a month anywhere in the world, where would
    you go?”

    Research indicates that when people who don’t know each other well ask each other
    these types of questions, they feel more connected than if they spent time together
    accomplishing a task. They are the same kinds of questions listed in the widely
    circulated article “36 Questions That Lead to Love” and are similar to the conversation
    starters suggested by the Family Dinner Project, which encourages device-free and
    listening-focused meals.

    Because our brains can think a lot faster than people can talk, beware of the tendency to
    take mental side trips when you should be listening. Smart people are particularly apt to
    get distracted by their own galloping thoughts. They are also more likely to assume they
    already know what the other person is going to say.

    People with higher I.Q.s also tend to be more neurotic and self-conscious, which means
    that worry and anxiety are more likely to hijack their attention. If you fall in this
    category, it could be helpful to consider listening a kind of meditation, where you make
    yourself aware of and acknowledge distractions, then return to focusing. Rather than
    concentrating on your breathing or a mantra, return your attention to the speaker.

    The reward of good listening will almost certainly be more interesting conversations.
    Researchers have found that when talking to inattentive listeners, the speakers
    volunteered less information and conveyed information less articulately. Conversely,
    they found that attentive listeners received more information, relevant details and
    elaboration from speakers, even when the listeners didn’t ask any questions.

    How you listen can work like a self-fulfilling prophecy: If you’re barely listening to
    someone because you think that person is boring or not worth your time, you could
    actually make it so. Moreover, listening to other people makes it more likely other
    people will listen to you. This is partly because it’s human nature to return courtesies,
    but also because good listening improves your chances of delivering a message that
    resonates.

    Listening is a skill. And as with any skill, it degrades if you don’t do it enough. Some
    people may have stronger natural ability while others may have to work harder, but each
    of us can become a better listener with practice. The more people you listen to, the more
    aspects of humanity you will recognize, and the better your instincts will be. Listening
    well can help you understand other people’s attitudes and motivations, which is
    essential in building cooperative and productive relationships, as well as discerning
    which relationships you’d be better off avoiding.

    [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html)

    [https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/](https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/)

    [https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people](https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people)

    [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558)

    [https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363](https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363)

    We are, each of us, the sum of what we attend to in life. The soothing voice of a mother,
    the whisper of a lover, the guidance of a mentor, the admonishment of a supervisor, the
    rallying call of a leader and the taunts of a rival ultimately form and shape us. And to
    listen poorly, selectively or not at all limits your understanding of the world and
    prevents you from becoming the best you can be.

    Kate Murphy is a journalist and the author of “You’re Not Listening: What You’re Missing
    and Why It Matters,” from which this essay is adapted.

    The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear
    what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our
    email: letters@nytimes.com.

    Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter
    (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html)

    [https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor](https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor)

    [mailto:letters@nytimes.com](mailto:letters@nytimes.com)

    [https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion](https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/](https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/)

    – Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.

    **## TalkLess.pdf**

    Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.
    Lessons in the art of listening, from a C.I.A. agent, a focus group moderator and more.

    Jan. 9, 2020
    By Kate Murphy

    When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking
    about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer
    your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so
    attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so spot on that you felt truly
    understood?

    We are encouraged to listen to our hearts, our inner voices and our guts, but rarely are
    we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people. Instead, we talk over
    one another at cocktail parties, work meetings and even family dinners. Online and in
    person, it’s all about defining yourself, shaping the narrative and staying on message.

    And yet, listening can be more valuable than speaking. Wars have been fought, fortunes
    lost and friendships wrecked for lack of listening. It is only by listening that we engage,
    understand, empathize, cooperate and develop as human beings. It is fundamental to
    any successful relationship — personal, professional and political.

    In writing a book about listening, I asked people from Brooklyn to Beijing what it meant
    to be a good listener. The typical response was a blank stare. People had no trouble,
    however, telling me what it meant to be a bad listener, rattling off actions such as
    interrupting, looking at a phone, and responding in a narcissistic or confused way. The
    sad truth is that people have more experience being cut off, ignored and misunderstood
    than heard to their satisfaction.

    Of course, technology plays a role. Social media provides a virtual megaphone, along
    with the means to filter out opposing views. People find phone calls intrusive and ignore
    voice mail, preferring text or wordless emoji. If people are listening to anything, it’s
    likely through headphones or earbuds, where they feel safe inside their own curated
    sound bubbles. This is all fueling what public health officials describe as an epidemic of
    loneliness in the United States.

    But tech is not the only culprit. High schools and colleges have debate teams and
    courses in rhetoric and persuasion, but rarely, if ever, offer classes or extracurricular
    activities that teach careful listening. You can get a doctorate in speech communication
    and join clubs such as Toastmasters to perfect your public speaking, but who strives for
    excellence in listening? The image of success and power today is someone miked up and
    prowling around a stage or orating from behind a lectern. Giving a TED talk or
    delivering a commencement speech is living the dream.

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    The cacophony of modern life also stops us from listening. The acoustics in restaurants
    can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices
    with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and after-lunch belch
    make for constant racket. Traffic noise on city streets, music playing in shops and the
    bean grinder at your favorite coffeehouse exceed the volume of normal conversation by
    as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss.

    So how can we reclaim the lost art of listening? After a couple of years studying the
    neuroscience, psychology and sociology of listening, as well as consulting some of the
    best professional listeners out there (including a C.I.A. agent, focus group moderator,
    radio producer, priest, bartender and furniture salesmen), I discovered that listening
    goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how
    they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they
    say resonates within you.

    It’s not about merely holding your peace while someone else holds forth. Quite the
    opposite. A lot of listening has to do with how you respond — the degree to which you
    facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process,
    crystallize your own.

    Good listeners ask good questions. One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned as a
    journalist is that anyone can be interesting if you ask the right questions. That is, if you
    ask truly curious questions that don’t have the hidden agenda of fixing, saving, advising,
    convincing or correcting. Curious questions don’t begin with “Wouldn’t you agree…?” or
    “Don’t you think…?” and they definitely don’t end with “right?” The idea is to explore
    the other person’s point of view, not sway it.

    For example, when trying to find out why people might go to the grocery store late at
    night, a focus group moderator told me, she didn’t ask leading questions like, “Do you
    shop late a night because you didn’t get around to it during the day?” or “Do you shop at
    night because that’s when they restock the shelves?” Instead, she turned her question
    into an invitation: “Tell me about the last time you went grocery shopping late at night.”
    This, she said, prompted a quiet, unassuming woman who had hardly spoken up to that
    point to raise her hand. “I had just smoked a joint and was looking for a ménage à trois
    — me, Ben and Jerry,” she said. Grocers, take note.

    You also want to avoid asking people personal and appraising questions like “What do
    you do for a living?” or “What part of town do you live in?” or “What school did you go
    to?” or “Are you married?” This line of questioning is not an honest attempt to get to
    know who you’re talking to so much as rank them in the social hierarchy. It’s more like
    an interrogation and, as a former C.I.A. agent told me, interrogation will get you
    information, but it won’t be credible or reliable.

    In social situations, peppering people with judgmental questions is likely to shift the
    conversation into a superficial, self-promoting elevator pitch. In other words, the kinds
    of conversations that make you want to leave the party early and rush home to your dog.

    [http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/](http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/)

    Instead, ask about people’s interests. Try to find out what excites or aggravates them —
    their daily pleasures or what keeps them up at night. Ask about the last movie they saw
    or for the story behind a piece of jewelry they’re wearing. Also good are expansive
    questions, such as, “If you could spend a month anywhere in the world, where would
    you go?”

    Research indicates that when people who don’t know each other well ask each other
    these types of questions, they feel more connected than if they spent time together
    accomplishing a task. They are the same kinds of questions listed in the widely
    circulated article “36 Questions That Lead to Love” and are similar to the conversation
    starters suggested by the Family Dinner Project, which encourages device-free and
    listening-focused meals.

    Because our brains can think a lot faster than people can talk, beware of the tendency to
    take mental side trips when you should be listening. Smart people are particularly apt to
    get distracted by their own galloping thoughts. They are also more likely to assume they
    already know what the other person is going to say.

    People with higher I.Q.s also tend to be more neurotic and self-conscious, which means
    that worry and anxiety are more likely to hijack their attention. If you fall in this
    category, it could be helpful to consider listening a kind of meditation, where you make
    yourself aware of and acknowledge distractions, then return to focusing. Rather than
    concentrating on your breathing or a mantra, return your attention to the speaker.

    The reward of good listening will almost certainly be more interesting conversations.
    Researchers have found that when talking to inattentive listeners, the speakers
    volunteered less information and conveyed information less articulately. Conversely,
    they found that attentive listeners received more information, relevant details and
    elaboration from speakers, even when the listeners didn’t ask any questions.

    How you listen can work like a self-fulfilling prophecy: If you’re barely listening to
    someone because you think that person is boring or not worth your time, you could
    actually make it so. Moreover, listening to other people makes it more likely other
    people will listen to you. This is partly because it’s human nature to return courtesies,
    but also because good listening improves your chances of delivering a message that
    resonates.

    Listening is a skill. And as with any skill, it degrades if you don’t do it enough. Some
    people may have stronger natural ability while others may have to work harder, but each
    of us can become a better listener with practice. The more people you listen to, the more
    aspects of humanity you will recognize, and the better your instincts will be. Listening
    well can help you understand other people’s attitudes and motivations, which is
    essential in building cooperative and productive relationships, as well as discerning
    which relationships you’d be better off avoiding.

    [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html)

    [https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/](https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/)

    [https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people](https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people)

    [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558)

    [https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363](https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363)

    We are, each of us, the sum of what we attend to in life. The soothing voice of a mother,
    the whisper of a lover, the guidance of a mentor, the admonishment of a supervisor, the
    rallying call of a leader and the taunts of a rival ultimately form and shape us. And to
    listen poorly, selectively or not at all limits your understanding of the world and
    prevents you from becoming the best you can be.

    Kate Murphy is a journalist and the author of “You’re Not Listening: What You’re Missing
    and Why It Matters,” from which this essay is adapted.

    The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear
    what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our
    email: letters@nytimes.com.

    Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter
    (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html)

    [https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor](https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor)

    [mailto:letters@nytimes.com](mailto:letters@nytimes.com)

    [https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion](https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/](https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/)

    – Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.

    **## Time.pdf**

    Rocks, pebbles, sand:

    There’s very little extra time in education, particularly when so many other urgent and
    important items rise to the top of the agenda. After reviewing the examples provided,
    how would you approach this differently? What similar scenario have you observed in
    your setting?

    Submit a Word document with your answers.

    here is a short visual interpretation of the story.

    [http://www.youtube.com/embed/cPgMeKfQFq8](http://www.youtube.com/embed/cPgMeKfQFq8)

    **## TalkLess.pdf**

    Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.
    Lessons in the art of listening, from a C.I.A. agent, a focus group moderator and more.

    Jan. 9, 2020
    By Kate Murphy

    When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking
    about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer
    your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so
    attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so spot on that you felt truly
    understood?

    We are encouraged to listen to our hearts, our inner voices and our guts, but rarely are
    we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people. Instead, we talk over
    one another at cocktail parties, work meetings and even family dinners. Online and in
    person, it’s all about defining yourself, shaping the narrative and staying on message.

    And yet, listening can be more valuable than speaking. Wars have been fought, fortunes
    lost and friendships wrecked for lack of listening. It is only by listening that we engage,
    understand, empathize, cooperate and develop as human beings. It is fundamental to
    any successful relationship — personal, professional and political.

    In writing a book about listening, I asked people from Brooklyn to Beijing what it meant
    to be a good listener. The typical response was a blank stare. People had no trouble,
    however, telling me what it meant to be a bad listener, rattling off actions such as
    interrupting, looking at a phone, and responding in a narcissistic or confused way. The
    sad truth is that people have more experience being cut off, ignored and misunderstood
    than heard to their satisfaction.

    Of course, technology plays a role. Social media provides a virtual megaphone, along
    with the means to filter out opposing views. People find phone calls intrusive and ignore
    voice mail, preferring text or wordless emoji. If people are listening to anything, it’s
    likely through headphones or earbuds, where they feel safe inside their own curated
    sound bubbles. This is all fueling what public health officials describe as an epidemic of
    loneliness in the United States.

    But tech is not the only culprit. High schools and colleges have debate teams and
    courses in rhetoric and persuasion, but rarely, if ever, offer classes or extracurricular
    activities that teach careful listening. You can get a doctorate in speech communication
    and join clubs such as Toastmasters to perfect your public speaking, but who strives for
    excellence in listening? The image of success and power today is someone miked up and
    prowling around a stage or orating from behind a lectern. Giving a TED talk or
    delivering a commencement speech is living the dream.

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    The cacophony of modern life also stops us from listening. The acoustics in restaurants
    can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices
    with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and after-lunch belch
    make for constant racket. Traffic noise on city streets, music playing in shops and the
    bean grinder at your favorite coffeehouse exceed the volume of normal conversation by
    as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss.

    So how can we reclaim the lost art of listening? After a couple of years studying the
    neuroscience, psychology and sociology of listening, as well as consulting some of the
    best professional listeners out there (including a C.I.A. agent, focus group moderator,
    radio producer, priest, bartender and furniture salesmen), I discovered that listening
    goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how
    they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they
    say resonates within you.

    It’s not about merely holding your peace while someone else holds forth. Quite the
    opposite. A lot of listening has to do with how you respond — the degree to which you
    facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process,
    crystallize your own.

    Good listeners ask good questions. One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned as a
    journalist is that anyone can be interesting if you ask the right questions. That is, if you
    ask truly curious questions that don’t have the hidden agenda of fixing, saving, advising,
    convincing or correcting. Curious questions don’t begin with “Wouldn’t you agree…?” or
    “Don’t you think…?” and they definitely don’t end with “right?” The idea is to explore
    the other person’s point of view, not sway it.

    For example, when trying to find out why people might go to the grocery store late at
    night, a focus group moderator told me, she didn’t ask leading questions like, “Do you
    shop late a night because you didn’t get around to it during the day?” or “Do you shop at
    night because that’s when they restock the shelves?” Instead, she turned her question
    into an invitation: “Tell me about the last time you went grocery shopping late at night.”
    This, she said, prompted a quiet, unassuming woman who had hardly spoken up to that
    point to raise her hand. “I had just smoked a joint and was looking for a ménage à trois
    — me, Ben and Jerry,” she said. Grocers, take note.

    You also want to avoid asking people personal and appraising questions like “What do
    you do for a living?” or “What part of town do you live in?” or “What school did you go
    to?” or “Are you married?” This line of questioning is not an honest attempt to get to
    know who you’re talking to so much as rank them in the social hierarchy. It’s more like
    an interrogation and, as a former C.I.A. agent told me, interrogation will get you
    information, but it won’t be credible or reliable.

    In social situations, peppering people with judgmental questions is likely to shift the
    conversation into a superficial, self-promoting elevator pitch. In other words, the kinds
    of conversations that make you want to leave the party early and rush home to your dog.

    [http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/](http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/)

    Instead, ask about people’s interests. Try to find out what excites or aggravates them —
    their daily pleasures or what keeps them up at night. Ask about the last movie they saw
    or for the story behind a piece of jewelry they’re wearing. Also good are expansive
    questions, such as, “If you could spend a month anywhere in the world, where would
    you go?”

    Research indicates that when people who don’t know each other well ask each other
    these types of questions, they feel more connected than if they spent time together
    accomplishing a task. They are the same kinds of questions listed in the widely
    circulated article “36 Questions That Lead to Love” and are similar to the conversation
    starters suggested by the Family Dinner Project, which encourages device-free and
    listening-focused meals.

    Because our brains can think a lot faster than people can talk, beware of the tendency to
    take mental side trips when you should be listening. Smart people are particularly apt to
    get distracted by their own galloping thoughts. They are also more likely to assume they
    already know what the other person is going to say.

    People with higher I.Q.s also tend to be more neurotic and self-conscious, which means
    that worry and anxiety are more likely to hijack their attention. If you fall in this
    category, it could be helpful to consider listening a kind of meditation, where you make
    yourself aware of and acknowledge distractions, then return to focusing. Rather than
    concentrating on your breathing or a mantra, return your attention to the speaker.

    The reward of good listening will almost certainly be more interesting conversations.
    Researchers have found that when talking to inattentive listeners, the speakers
    volunteered less information and conveyed information less articulately. Conversely,
    they found that attentive listeners received more information, relevant details and
    elaboration from speakers, even when the listeners didn’t ask any questions.

    How you listen can work like a self-fulfilling prophecy: If you’re barely listening to
    someone because you think that person is boring or not worth your time, you could
    actually make it so. Moreover, listening to other people makes it more likely other
    people will listen to you. This is partly because it’s human nature to return courtesies,
    but also because good listening improves your chances of delivering a message that
    resonates.

    Listening is a skill. And as with any skill, it degrades if you don’t do it enough. Some
    people may have stronger natural ability while others may have to work harder, but each
    of us can become a better listener with practice. The more people you listen to, the more
    aspects of humanity you will recognize, and the better your instincts will be. Listening
    well can help you understand other people’s attitudes and motivations, which is
    essential in building cooperative and productive relationships, as well as discerning
    which relationships you’d be better off avoiding.

    [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html)

    [https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/](https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/)

    [https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people](https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people)

    [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558)

    [https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363](https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363)

    We are, each of us, the sum of what we attend to in life. The soothing voice of a mother,
    the whisper of a lover, the guidance of a mentor, the admonishment of a supervisor, the
    rallying call of a leader and the taunts of a rival ultimately form and shape us. And to
    listen poorly, selectively or not at all limits your understanding of the world and
    prevents you from becoming the best you can be.

    Kate Murphy is a journalist and the author of “You’re Not Listening: What You’re Missing
    and Why It Matters,” from which this essay is adapted.

    The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear
    what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our
    email: letters@nytimes.com.

    Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter
    (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html)

    [https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor](https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor)

    [mailto:letters@nytimes.com](mailto:letters@nytimes.com)

    [https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion](https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/](https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/)

    – Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.

    **## Time.pdf**

    Rocks, pebbles, sand:

    There’s very little extra time in education, particularly when so many other urgent and
    important items rise to the top of the agenda. After reviewing the examples provided,
    how would you approach this differently? What similar scenario have you observed in
    your setting?

    Submit a Word document with your answers.

    here is a short visual interpretation of the story.

    [http://www.youtube.com/embed/cPgMeKfQFq8](http://www.youtube.com/embed/cPgMeKfQFq8)

    **## TalkLess.pdf**

    Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.
    Lessons in the art of listening, from a C.I.A. agent, a focus group moderator and more.

    Jan. 9, 2020
    By Kate Murphy

    When was the last time you listened to someone? Really listened, without thinking
    about what you wanted to say next, glancing down at your phone or jumping in to offer
    your opinion? And when was the last time someone really listened to you? Was so
    attentive to what you were saying and whose response was so spot on that you felt truly
    understood?

    We are encouraged to listen to our hearts, our inner voices and our guts, but rarely are
    we encouraged to listen carefully and purposefully to other people. Instead, we talk over
    one another at cocktail parties, work meetings and even family dinners. Online and in
    person, it’s all about defining yourself, shaping the narrative and staying on message.

    And yet, listening can be more valuable than speaking. Wars have been fought, fortunes
    lost and friendships wrecked for lack of listening. It is only by listening that we engage,
    understand, empathize, cooperate and develop as human beings. It is fundamental to
    any successful relationship — personal, professional and political.

    In writing a book about listening, I asked people from Brooklyn to Beijing what it meant
    to be a good listener. The typical response was a blank stare. People had no trouble,
    however, telling me what it meant to be a bad listener, rattling off actions such as
    interrupting, looking at a phone, and responding in a narcissistic or confused way. The
    sad truth is that people have more experience being cut off, ignored and misunderstood
    than heard to their satisfaction.

    Of course, technology plays a role. Social media provides a virtual megaphone, along
    with the means to filter out opposing views. People find phone calls intrusive and ignore
    voice mail, preferring text or wordless emoji. If people are listening to anything, it’s
    likely through headphones or earbuds, where they feel safe inside their own curated
    sound bubbles. This is all fueling what public health officials describe as an epidemic of
    loneliness in the United States.

    But tech is not the only culprit. High schools and colleges have debate teams and
    courses in rhetoric and persuasion, but rarely, if ever, offer classes or extracurricular
    activities that teach careful listening. You can get a doctorate in speech communication
    and join clubs such as Toastmasters to perfect your public speaking, but who strives for
    excellence in listening? The image of success and power today is someone miked up and
    prowling around a stage or orating from behind a lectern. Giving a TED talk or
    delivering a commencement speech is living the dream.

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    [https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america](https://www.cigna.com/about-us/newsroom/studies-and-reports/loneliness-epidemic-america)

    The cacophony of modern life also stops us from listening. The acoustics in restaurants
    can make it difficult, if not impossible, for diners to clearly hear one another. Offices
    with an open design ensure every keyboard click, telephone call and after-lunch belch
    make for constant racket. Traffic noise on city streets, music playing in shops and the
    bean grinder at your favorite coffeehouse exceed the volume of normal conversation by
    as much as 30 decibels, and can even cause hearing loss.

    So how can we reclaim the lost art of listening? After a couple of years studying the
    neuroscience, psychology and sociology of listening, as well as consulting some of the
    best professional listeners out there (including a C.I.A. agent, focus group moderator,
    radio producer, priest, bartender and furniture salesmen), I discovered that listening
    goes beyond simply hearing what people say. It also involves paying attention to how
    they say it and what they do while they are saying it, in what context, and how what they
    say resonates within you.

    It’s not about merely holding your peace while someone else holds forth. Quite the
    opposite. A lot of listening has to do with how you respond — the degree to which you
    facilitate the clear expression of another person’s thoughts and, in the process,
    crystallize your own.

    Good listeners ask good questions. One of the most valuable lessons I’ve learned as a
    journalist is that anyone can be interesting if you ask the right questions. That is, if you
    ask truly curious questions that don’t have the hidden agenda of fixing, saving, advising,
    convincing or correcting. Curious questions don’t begin with “Wouldn’t you agree…?” or
    “Don’t you think…?” and they definitely don’t end with “right?” The idea is to explore
    the other person’s point of view, not sway it.

    For example, when trying to find out why people might go to the grocery store late at
    night, a focus group moderator told me, she didn’t ask leading questions like, “Do you
    shop late a night because you didn’t get around to it during the day?” or “Do you shop at
    night because that’s when they restock the shelves?” Instead, she turned her question
    into an invitation: “Tell me about the last time you went grocery shopping late at night.”
    This, she said, prompted a quiet, unassuming woman who had hardly spoken up to that
    point to raise her hand. “I had just smoked a joint and was looking for a ménage à trois
    — me, Ben and Jerry,” she said. Grocers, take note.

    You also want to avoid asking people personal and appraising questions like “What do
    you do for a living?” or “What part of town do you live in?” or “What school did you go
    to?” or “Are you married?” This line of questioning is not an honest attempt to get to
    know who you’re talking to so much as rank them in the social hierarchy. It’s more like
    an interrogation and, as a former C.I.A. agent told me, interrogation will get you
    information, but it won’t be credible or reliable.

    In social situations, peppering people with judgmental questions is likely to shift the
    conversation into a superficial, self-promoting elevator pitch. In other words, the kinds
    of conversations that make you want to leave the party early and rush home to your dog.

    [http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/](http://dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/decibel-exposure-time-guidelines/)

    Instead, ask about people’s interests. Try to find out what excites or aggravates them —
    their daily pleasures or what keeps them up at night. Ask about the last movie they saw
    or for the story behind a piece of jewelry they’re wearing. Also good are expansive
    questions, such as, “If you could spend a month anywhere in the world, where would
    you go?”

    Research indicates that when people who don’t know each other well ask each other
    these types of questions, they feel more connected than if they spent time together
    accomplishing a task. They are the same kinds of questions listed in the widely
    circulated article “36 Questions That Lead to Love” and are similar to the conversation
    starters suggested by the Family Dinner Project, which encourages device-free and
    listening-focused meals.

    Because our brains can think a lot faster than people can talk, beware of the tendency to
    take mental side trips when you should be listening. Smart people are particularly apt to
    get distracted by their own galloping thoughts. They are also more likely to assume they
    already know what the other person is going to say.

    People with higher I.Q.s also tend to be more neurotic and self-conscious, which means
    that worry and anxiety are more likely to hijack their attention. If you fall in this
    category, it could be helpful to consider listening a kind of meditation, where you make
    yourself aware of and acknowledge distractions, then return to focusing. Rather than
    concentrating on your breathing or a mantra, return your attention to the speaker.

    The reward of good listening will almost certainly be more interesting conversations.
    Researchers have found that when talking to inattentive listeners, the speakers
    volunteered less information and conveyed information less articulately. Conversely,
    they found that attentive listeners received more information, relevant details and
    elaboration from speakers, even when the listeners didn’t ask any questions.

    How you listen can work like a self-fulfilling prophecy: If you’re barely listening to
    someone because you think that person is boring or not worth your time, you could
    actually make it so. Moreover, listening to other people makes it more likely other
    people will listen to you. This is partly because it’s human nature to return courtesies,
    but also because good listening improves your chances of delivering a message that
    resonates.

    Listening is a skill. And as with any skill, it degrades if you don’t do it enough. Some
    people may have stronger natural ability while others may have to work harder, but each
    of us can become a better listener with practice. The more people you listen to, the more
    aspects of humanity you will recognize, and the better your instincts will be. Listening
    well can help you understand other people’s attitudes and motivations, which is
    essential in building cooperative and productive relationships, as well as discerning
    which relationships you’d be better off avoiding.

    [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0146167297234003)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/11/style/36-questions-that-lead-to-love.html)

    [https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/](https://thefamilydinnerproject.org/)

    [https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people](https://hbr.org/1957/09/listening-to-people)

    [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886914005558)

    [https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363](https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.2015.1029363)

    We are, each of us, the sum of what we attend to in life. The soothing voice of a mother,
    the whisper of a lover, the guidance of a mentor, the admonishment of a supervisor, the
    rallying call of a leader and the taunts of a rival ultimately form and shape us. And to
    listen poorly, selectively or not at all limits your understanding of the world and
    prevents you from becoming the best you can be.

    Kate Murphy is a journalist and the author of “You’re Not Listening: What You’re Missing
    and Why It Matters,” from which this essay is adapted.

    The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear
    what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips. And here’s our
    email: letters@nytimes.com.

    Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter
    (@NYTopinion) and Instagram.

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192](https://www.amazon.com/Youre-Not-Listening-Missing-Matters/dp/1250297192)

    [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/31/opinion/letters/letters-to-editor-new-york-times-women.html)

    [https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor](https://help.nytimes.com/hc/en-us/articles/115014925288-How-to-submit-a-letter-to-the-editor)

    [mailto:letters@nytimes.com](mailto:letters@nytimes.com)

    [https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion](https://www.facebook.com/nytopinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion](http://twitter.com/NYTOpinion)

    [https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/](https://www.instagram.com/nytopinion/)

    – Talk Less. Listen More. Here’s How.

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    attached – 2 years ago **files (1)** – ## ModuleSixDiscussionReplies.docx **## ModuleSixDiscussionReplies.docx** **Module Six Discussion Replies** The minimum length for each of your replies to classmates in order to earn any credit is 150 words. Indyah: **A**. Bourdieu’s works discuss the concept o…

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    – ## ModuleSixDiscussionReplies.docx

    **## ModuleSixDiscussionReplies.docx**

    **Module Six Discussion Replies**

    The minimum length for each of your replies to classmates in order to earn any credit is 150 words.

    Indyah:

    **A**. Bourdieu’s works discuss the concept of habitus as the intersection of the individual and society (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 396). Garner and Hancock describe there being “no separation between the individual and society.” Habitus is defined as “the shared mode of perception, judgement, and behavioural dispositions of a category of people, particularly a class,” (p. 390). However, Garner and Hancock expand on this definition to include that habitus acts as both a product and reproducer of society through the actions of individuals (p. 396). Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 399) explains how our history produces our individual practices, often causing us to use those practices in various contexts. This supports the claim that society and the individual are connected, as the concept of habitus demonstrates how they directly interact with one another. While Bourdieu does claim that habitus is shared amongst a class by way of their past experiences, he also emphasizes its flexibility. One’s habitus can change, or an individual can override it (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 396).

    Bourdieu also discusses the concept of social capital. Garner and Hancock (2014, p. 390) explain that social classes “are distinguished by four kinds of capital: economic… social… cultural… and symbolic.” Different classes control different types and amounts of capital. Social capital can refer to one’s position in networks and groups. In discussing social capital, Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 393) illustrates how one acquires social capital and their typical experiences. Social capital can come through connections such as clubs or family. Those who have a lot of social capital are usually wealthy, giving them the resources to perform “social labour.”  This labor requires money and time, and it is used to create more social capital. Additionally, Bourdieu explains that social capital can be converted to economic capital and vice versa.

    Finally, Bourdieu discusses the differences between a field and an apparatus. He describes a field as a space where “agents and institutions are engaged in struggle, with unequal strengths, and in accordance with the rules constituting that field of play, to appropriate the specific profits at stake in the game,” (Bourdieu, 1993 as cited in Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 392). The key difference between a field and an apparatus is the “struggle” or the resistance. A field consists of institutions competing for resources or different forms of capital. It can turn into an apparatus when an institution has complete domination without the ability for resistance. In this context, apparatuses are a type of field, but fields are a much broader concept (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 391). Not all fields are apparatuses.

    **B**. The concept of habitus as the intersection of the individual and society is relevant to modern America. Habitus refers to the perceptions, judgements, and behavioral dispositions shared by a group of a people. These are developed through past experiences and socialization. The concept of habitus helps to understand the interconnectedness of the individual and society, because the society contributes to the creation of these shared dispositions, and in turn these dispositions work through individuals to reinforce the structures in society that created the initial dispositions. For instance, this concept can be observed in generational/community cycles. Tedx Talks (2020) claims that boys who are exposed to domestic violence in the home are 10x more likely to become abusers, girls exposed to domestic violence are more likely to become victims of sexual or physical abuse, perpetuating the cycle of female victimization. Witnessing an abuse, poverty, incarceration, or drug use can lead to individuals developing certain beliefs and perceptions around those topics that align with their experiences. This habitus can lead to certain behaviors that continue these cycles. However, Bourdieu also emphasizes that one’s habitus is not always an accurate predictor of one’s behavior, as it can change with new knowledge or be overridden (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 396). Similarly, someone witnessing these events does not always continue the cycle. Additionally, this concept can be applied to geographical communities. Many communities stay the same unless acted upon by an outside force. For instance, impoverished communities may remain impoverished unless given external aid or until the area is gentrified. This relates to Garner and Hancock’s (2014, p. 397) statement, “habitus reflects and reproduces the very habitat from which it emerged.” People will communicate with those physically around them who tend to have similar upbringings. This contributes to the development of their habitus and potentially the future of their community.

    Bourdieu’s concept of social capital is very relevant to modern American society, especially with the rise of social media. In society, we are able to see the value of social capital and the conversion from social capital to economic capital. Social media users with a lot of followers (social capital) are able monetize their page (economic capital). Additionally, gaining more followers requires more posts, time, and potentially money. This is similar to the concept of social labor. Social capital is also relevant in today’s higher education system. Many black students may choose to attend a PWI over an HBCU for its large network. This network (social capital) could lead to better job opportunities (economic capital). Additionally, Pringle (2023) claims that PWIs tend to have a larger financial aid offers than HBCUs, contributing to the economic capital.

    Finally, Bourdieu’s concept of fields is relevant today, especially in the form of apparatuses. Many institutions dominate areas of society. For example, education systems control what we learn and how we learn with no room for resistance, as education attainment is how we achieve success in society. Schools reinforce capitalist values through their structure. Currently, there is much debate on what should be taught in schools. However, this may be an example of domination by the state. An article by Gross (2022) discusses how legislation is limiting the teaching of topics such as gender and sexuality, race, and slavery. This is especially important as the knowledge of these topics can lead to resistance and rebellion. This allows the state to remain in power and continue to acquire capital with little resistance to the systems in place.

    **References**

    Garner, R. & Hancock, B. H. (2014). Social theory a reader: Continuity and confrontation (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press.

    Gross, T. (2022, February 3). From slavery to socialism, new legislation restricts what teachers can discuss. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/02/03/1077878538/legislation-restricts-what-teachers-can-discuss

    Pringle, S. (2023, February 3). Making a dollar outta 15 cents: Conversations around funding & social mobility at HBCUs – National College Attainment Network. National College Attainment Network. https://www.ncan.org/news/630515/Making-A-Dollar-Outta-15-Cents-Conversations-Around-Funding–Social-Mobility-at-HBCUs.htm

    Tedx Talks. (2020, February 10). A mile in her shoes: changing perspective on domestic violence | Ryan Calvert | TEDxFrisco [Video]. YouTube.
    [https://youtu.be/wLNa6qwVpbA?si=S48ugeA8FSO4N53rLinks to an external site.](https://youtu.be/wLNa6qwVpbA?si=S48ugeA8FSO4N53r)

    Angela:

    **A.**

    **_Insight into Foucault’s Concept of Subject, Power and Discipline_**

    Foucault outlines how forms of power such as discipline, monitoring, and punishment are utilized to apply control over subjects, with the subjects in question being humans. The lessons of history have shown us that the use of physical punishment was a method of exercising control and dominance over other people. Foucault explains premodern punishment as torture and a ‘horrifying public spectacle of an execution’ (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 368). Less than eighty years later, surveillance is used as a form of punishment. The offender has to deal with new kinds of social control that try to keep their bodies and movements in check by urging them to self-regulate and follow rules (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.369).

    Foucault (1975) describes ‘Panopticon,
    _’_ an architectural design created by Jeremy Bentham, and its use for the deviant to be monitored. The building includes small cells, with a center tower where a central person can observe Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.371). “They are like so many cages, in which each actor is alone, perfectly individualized and constantly visible” Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 371). The format of the building makes it possible to know what is going on in an instant. The goal is to do opposite of the ‘dungeon’ and provide light Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, pp. 371-372). There are a variety of subject types provided by Foucault. When it comes to employees, there is less dishonesty and distractions, which, in turn, allows for more effective output Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 372). When it comes to prisoners, there is no risk of escaping. When it comes to schoolchildren, there is no cheating and no chatting off topic Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 372).

    **_Bourdieu’s “Habitus”_**

    According to Bourdieu (1993) as a result of conditioning, the habitus is a strong tool for making new things because it likes to repeat objective reasoning even as it changes. It's not always easy to guess, and as Don Quixote shows, its patterns can lead to hysteresis Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392). There are simple rules in the habitus that make it a self-correcting computer program that can come up with an endless number of answers that can't be figured out straight from the conditions under which it was made Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 391). Because habits shape how we see things, we need to make changes all the time to be able to deal with new and unexpected events. The "situation" is like the state that makes the habitus possible. If there aren't any set conditions for satisfaction, habitus may be the source of resentment that builds up until the right time, like the power of an authoritarian foreman Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392). "The social world is a huge storehouse of accumulated aggression that comes to the surface when the conditions are right for it to happen" Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Gardner and Hancock, p. 392).

    According to Bourdieu,  the concept of the "apparatus" reintroduces unhappy functionalism: it is an "infernal engine," designed to achieve specific goals Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392). Under specific settings, education systems, the state, the church, and political parties are not apparatuses, but rather fields and they may begin to operate as devices Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.392). In a field, agents and institutions compete for the specific rewards at risk in that game while having uneven strengths and adhering to the norms that govern that field. Those who control the field have the tools to use to their advantage; nonetheless, they must contend with the opposition of the dominated agents (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.392). The field becomes an apparatus when those in positions of authority are able to prevent those under their control from resisting, opposing, or responding. This implies that the lower class, such as the working class and activists, can only be subdued; the dialectic and conflict that comprise the field will stop when everything shifts downward and the effects of dominance take over Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392).

    **_Bourdieu’s The Logic of Practice_**

    The social world is seen as a show where someone watches with a "point of view," thinking about the action through the lens of his relationship with the object Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 396). This observer then applies his relationship to the object and acts as if it were only there for knowledge and all interactions were symbolic. Individuals in high positions in society view the social world as either a representation (as in idealist philosophy, but also through paintings) or a performance (as in theater or music), and behaviors are seen as nothing more than playing roles, following rules, or carrying out plans. The theory of practice says that knowledge objects are made, not just stored. The habitus, which is a set of structured, organizing dispositions, is what makes this possible. Bourdieu wrote about this in 1990 (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 396). In other words, our background, the people we know, and the things we've done in the past all affect what we understand and know.

    The passage indicates that one can forgo objectivist idealism without compromising the active engagement in seeing the world. This means putting yourself in "real activity as such (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397)," which means being actively present in the world so that the world can tell you what needs to be done and said. This calls for moving away from the realism that characterizes objectivism and a return to practice, the place where dialectic takes place, and how opus operandum and modus operandi interact Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397).

    The "situational analysis" technique, which emphasizes the observation of individuals in many social contexts, is confined within the bounds of the rule and the exception. Bourdieu contends that there is a certain kind of logic that applies to daily acts, and that this logic is distinct from the formal, academic logic Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397). The habitus and social environment in which individuals function both have a role in shaping this practical logic. “Thus, the method known as situational analysis, which consists of observing people in a variety of social situations in order to determine the way in which individuals are able to exercise choices within the limits of a specified social structure” Gluckman (1961, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397).

    **B.**

    **_Modern Day – Surveillance, Subject, Power, and Discipline_**

    The emphasis on standardized testing in school systems can be seen as a form of discipline, enforcing conformity and obedience to authority. The tight rules and regulations that are put on students show this even more clearly by shaping their behavior and way of thinking to fit with societal norms. For example, standardized tests in schools not only check how well students are doing in school, but they also set up a system where students learn to follow the rules and please adults in charge. Students are also subject to strict rules and regulations, which are similar to disciplinary actions that change behavior and thought to fit social norms. This shows how widespread discipline is in schools. The school's approach to disciplining bad behavior has come under scrutiny. For instance, a child who is being bullied may get an unjustified blow to the mouth. The Shelby County School System in Alabama placed both children on "in-school suspension" for the 2023–2024 academic year while they looked into the incident. The actual setting is a blank room with a Chromebook and no one-on-one teaching for a middle schooler who was subsequently determined to be "innocent." During public hearings, families of children who were subjected to exclusionary discipline made a strong case for the legislation, telling lawmakers about their experiences of not having the right to due process (Stryens-Fernandes @al.com, 2024). The summer of 2024, the State of Alabama passed a bill that I support which makes it more in-line with a definite process in place before kicking a child out of the classroom. "The social world is a huge storehouse of accumulated aggression that comes to the surface when the conditions are right for it to happen" Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Gardner and Hancock, p. 392).

    Monitoring employees at work and judging their performance are examples of strict rules and laws that tell workers how to act and think, making sure they follow company standards. For instance, performance reviews not only show how productive workers are, but they also give them a reason to follow the rules and guidelines set by management at work. Companies watch what their workers type and do on the internet to make sure they're following company rules and not doing anything illegal. This shows how controlled and watched modern workplaces are. This much monitoring can make workers afraid and obedient, which will eventually change how they act to fit with what the company wants.

    **_Modern Day – Habitus_**

    Pierre Bourdieu's idea of habitus refers to the deeply rooted habits, skills, and attitudes that people pick up as they go through life Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 399) This idea is very important for understanding how people interact with and move through their social world. It is possible to use habitus to describe a number of social problems and events in modern American society, such as education and health care. The American school system often shows and promotes social differences. Rich families usually give their kids better educational tools and chances, which shapes their habits to help them do well in school and go to college. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have limited access to quality education due to financial constraints, lack of parental involvement, or inadequate school resources. This can result in lower academic achievement and limited future prospects for these students. In contrast, students from more affluent backgrounds may have access to a wider range of educational resources and opportunities, giving them an advantage in terms of academic success and future career prospects. Ultimately, addressing these disparities in educational opportunities based on social class is crucial in order to create a more inclusive education system.

    Another area where habitus matters is access to healthcare for different social groups. Having quality, accessible healthcare affects our health and how well we thrive. People who have a habit of getting regular checkups and living a healthy life are more likely to stay healthy, while people who don't have this habit may have more health problems. The influence of social class on access to quality healthcare in the American healthcare system is significant. Those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often face barriers such as lack of insurance, limited access to preventative care, and discriminatory practices. These disparities perpetuate a cycle of inequality in health outcomes, as those with higher social capital are able to navigate the system more effectively and receive better treatment. Bourdieu's concept of habitus helps to explain how these systemic inequalities are reproduced and maintained over time. Studying habitus can provide insights into the functioning of social systems and the interactions within social settings. It highlights the significance of addressing fundamental imbalances.

    **_Modern Day – Logic of Practice_**

    In applying Bourdieu's theory of practice to current American society, one can see how social hierarchies are maintained and reproduced through various cultural practices. The ways in which individuals navigate social spaces, consume cultural goods, and engage in symbolic rituals all play a role in reinforcing existing power dynamics. By analyzing these practices through the lens of Bourdieu's theory, one can gain a deeper understanding of how social inequality is perpetuated and potentially identify ways to challenge and disrupt these structures. One way to understand the concept of "cultural capital" is the way that some cultural preferences and tastes are rewarded and valued in society, which causes people who do not fit in to be excluded. Additionally, Bourdieu's concept of "habitus" can be observed in how individuals from different social backgrounds internalize and embody certain behaviors and attitudes that shape their interactions and opportunities within society. The country was shocked when the US Supreme Court reversed affirmative action. Thomas, a black justice, made his view known that he is against affirmative action because of the attached stigma (Totenberg, 2023). For instance, individuals from privileged backgrounds may have been raised with a sense of entitlement and confidence that allows them to navigate social situations more easily, while those from disadvantaged backgrounds may feel out of place and struggle to assert themselves. An example is Harvard's legacy admissions. People have talked a lot about and looked closely at Harvard's legacy admissions, which give students with family ties to the school special attention when it comes to the admissions process. Some people say that this practice is unfair to students of color because it favors white candidates. The Supreme Court's choice to end affirmative action in higher education made the argument stronger because it still let schools prioritize children of donors and legacy students. Scholarly and donor-related applicants from Harvard are six times more likely to be white; 70% of those who apply are white (Casey, 2023). Eliminating legacy choices could change the racial makeup of the accepted students, which could mean that more students of color can go. A study found that 43% of white students accepted to Harvard were legacy students, athletes, children of teachers, or relatives of donors. For Black, Latino, and Asian American students, this number dropped by a huge amount.

    **References**

    Casey, M. (2023, July 25).
    _Education Department opens an investigation into Harvard’s legacy admissions_. AP News.
    [https://apnews.com/article/legacy-admissions-harvard-affirmative-action-diversity-24321f3814d5feec6d380d18c8b6c2e1Links to an external site.](https://apnews.com/article/legacy-admissions-harvard-affirmative-action-diversity-24321f3814d5feec6d380d18c8b6c2e1)

    Garner, R., & Black Hawk Hancock. (2014).
    _Social Theory: Continuity and Confrontation: A Reader._ University of Toronto Press; Toronto.

    stryens-fernandes @al.com, S. T.-F. |. (2024, April 26).
    _Alabama passes bill making it harder to kick students out of school_. Al.
    [https://www.al.com/education/2024/04/alabama-passes-bill-making-it-harder-to-kick-students-out-of-school.htmlLinks to an external site.](https://www.al.com/education/2024/04/alabama-passes-bill-making-it-harder-to-kick-students-out-of-school.html)

    Totenberg, N. (2023, June 29).
    _Supreme Court Guts Affirmative Action, Effectively Ending Race-Conscious Admissions_. NPR.
    [https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decisionLinks to an external site.](https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision)

    **## ModuleSixDiscussionReplies.docx**

    **Module Six Discussion Replies**

    The minimum length for each of your replies to classmates in order to earn any credit is 150 words.

    Indyah:

    **A**. Bourdieu’s works discuss the concept of habitus as the intersection of the individual and society (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 396). Garner and Hancock describe there being “no separation between the individual and society.” Habitus is defined as “the shared mode of perception, judgement, and behavioural dispositions of a category of people, particularly a class,” (p. 390). However, Garner and Hancock expand on this definition to include that habitus acts as both a product and reproducer of society through the actions of individuals (p. 396). Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 399) explains how our history produces our individual practices, often causing us to use those practices in various contexts. This supports the claim that society and the individual are connected, as the concept of habitus demonstrates how they directly interact with one another. While Bourdieu does claim that habitus is shared amongst a class by way of their past experiences, he also emphasizes its flexibility. One’s habitus can change, or an individual can override it (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 396).

    Bourdieu also discusses the concept of social capital. Garner and Hancock (2014, p. 390) explain that social classes “are distinguished by four kinds of capital: economic… social… cultural… and symbolic.” Different classes control different types and amounts of capital. Social capital can refer to one’s position in networks and groups. In discussing social capital, Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 393) illustrates how one acquires social capital and their typical experiences. Social capital can come through connections such as clubs or family. Those who have a lot of social capital are usually wealthy, giving them the resources to perform “social labour.”  This labor requires money and time, and it is used to create more social capital. Additionally, Bourdieu explains that social capital can be converted to economic capital and vice versa.

    Finally, Bourdieu discusses the differences between a field and an apparatus. He describes a field as a space where “agents and institutions are engaged in struggle, with unequal strengths, and in accordance with the rules constituting that field of play, to appropriate the specific profits at stake in the game,” (Bourdieu, 1993 as cited in Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 392). The key difference between a field and an apparatus is the “struggle” or the resistance. A field consists of institutions competing for resources or different forms of capital. It can turn into an apparatus when an institution has complete domination without the ability for resistance. In this context, apparatuses are a type of field, but fields are a much broader concept (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 391). Not all fields are apparatuses.

    **B**. The concept of habitus as the intersection of the individual and society is relevant to modern America. Habitus refers to the perceptions, judgements, and behavioral dispositions shared by a group of a people. These are developed through past experiences and socialization. The concept of habitus helps to understand the interconnectedness of the individual and society, because the society contributes to the creation of these shared dispositions, and in turn these dispositions work through individuals to reinforce the structures in society that created the initial dispositions. For instance, this concept can be observed in generational/community cycles. Tedx Talks (2020) claims that boys who are exposed to domestic violence in the home are 10x more likely to become abusers, girls exposed to domestic violence are more likely to become victims of sexual or physical abuse, perpetuating the cycle of female victimization. Witnessing an abuse, poverty, incarceration, or drug use can lead to individuals developing certain beliefs and perceptions around those topics that align with their experiences. This habitus can lead to certain behaviors that continue these cycles. However, Bourdieu also emphasizes that one’s habitus is not always an accurate predictor of one’s behavior, as it can change with new knowledge or be overridden (Garner & Hancock, 2014, p. 396). Similarly, someone witnessing these events does not always continue the cycle. Additionally, this concept can be applied to geographical communities. Many communities stay the same unless acted upon by an outside force. For instance, impoverished communities may remain impoverished unless given external aid or until the area is gentrified. This relates to Garner and Hancock’s (2014, p. 397) statement, “habitus reflects and reproduces the very habitat from which it emerged.” People will communicate with those physically around them who tend to have similar upbringings. This contributes to the development of their habitus and potentially the future of their community.

    Bourdieu’s concept of social capital is very relevant to modern American society, especially with the rise of social media. In society, we are able to see the value of social capital and the conversion from social capital to economic capital. Social media users with a lot of followers (social capital) are able monetize their page (economic capital). Additionally, gaining more followers requires more posts, time, and potentially money. This is similar to the concept of social labor. Social capital is also relevant in today’s higher education system. Many black students may choose to attend a PWI over an HBCU for its large network. This network (social capital) could lead to better job opportunities (economic capital). Additionally, Pringle (2023) claims that PWIs tend to have a larger financial aid offers than HBCUs, contributing to the economic capital.

    Finally, Bourdieu’s concept of fields is relevant today, especially in the form of apparatuses. Many institutions dominate areas of society. For example, education systems control what we learn and how we learn with no room for resistance, as education attainment is how we achieve success in society. Schools reinforce capitalist values through their structure. Currently, there is much debate on what should be taught in schools. However, this may be an example of domination by the state. An article by Gross (2022) discusses how legislation is limiting the teaching of topics such as gender and sexuality, race, and slavery. This is especially important as the knowledge of these topics can lead to resistance and rebellion. This allows the state to remain in power and continue to acquire capital with little resistance to the systems in place.

    **References**

    Garner, R. & Hancock, B. H. (2014). Social theory a reader: Continuity and confrontation (3rd ed.). University of Toronto Press.

    Gross, T. (2022, February 3). From slavery to socialism, new legislation restricts what teachers can discuss. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/02/03/1077878538/legislation-restricts-what-teachers-can-discuss

    Pringle, S. (2023, February 3). Making a dollar outta 15 cents: Conversations around funding & social mobility at HBCUs – National College Attainment Network. National College Attainment Network. https://www.ncan.org/news/630515/Making-A-Dollar-Outta-15-Cents-Conversations-Around-Funding–Social-Mobility-at-HBCUs.htm

    Tedx Talks. (2020, February 10). A mile in her shoes: changing perspective on domestic violence | Ryan Calvert | TEDxFrisco [Video]. YouTube.
    [https://youtu.be/wLNa6qwVpbA?si=S48ugeA8FSO4N53rLinks to an external site.](https://youtu.be/wLNa6qwVpbA?si=S48ugeA8FSO4N53r)

    Angela:

    **A.**

    **_Insight into Foucault’s Concept of Subject, Power and Discipline_**

    Foucault outlines how forms of power such as discipline, monitoring, and punishment are utilized to apply control over subjects, with the subjects in question being humans. The lessons of history have shown us that the use of physical punishment was a method of exercising control and dominance over other people. Foucault explains premodern punishment as torture and a ‘horrifying public spectacle of an execution’ (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 368). Less than eighty years later, surveillance is used as a form of punishment. The offender has to deal with new kinds of social control that try to keep their bodies and movements in check by urging them to self-regulate and follow rules (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.369).

    Foucault (1975) describes ‘Panopticon,
    _’_ an architectural design created by Jeremy Bentham, and its use for the deviant to be monitored. The building includes small cells, with a center tower where a central person can observe Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.371). “They are like so many cages, in which each actor is alone, perfectly individualized and constantly visible” Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 371). The format of the building makes it possible to know what is going on in an instant. The goal is to do opposite of the ‘dungeon’ and provide light Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, pp. 371-372). There are a variety of subject types provided by Foucault. When it comes to employees, there is less dishonesty and distractions, which, in turn, allows for more effective output Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 372). When it comes to prisoners, there is no risk of escaping. When it comes to schoolchildren, there is no cheating and no chatting off topic Foucault (1975, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 372).

    **_Bourdieu’s “Habitus”_**

    According to Bourdieu (1993) as a result of conditioning, the habitus is a strong tool for making new things because it likes to repeat objective reasoning even as it changes. It's not always easy to guess, and as Don Quixote shows, its patterns can lead to hysteresis Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392). There are simple rules in the habitus that make it a self-correcting computer program that can come up with an endless number of answers that can't be figured out straight from the conditions under which it was made Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 391). Because habits shape how we see things, we need to make changes all the time to be able to deal with new and unexpected events. The "situation" is like the state that makes the habitus possible. If there aren't any set conditions for satisfaction, habitus may be the source of resentment that builds up until the right time, like the power of an authoritarian foreman Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392). "The social world is a huge storehouse of accumulated aggression that comes to the surface when the conditions are right for it to happen" Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Gardner and Hancock, p. 392).

    According to Bourdieu,  the concept of the "apparatus" reintroduces unhappy functionalism: it is an "infernal engine," designed to achieve specific goals Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392). Under specific settings, education systems, the state, the church, and political parties are not apparatuses, but rather fields and they may begin to operate as devices Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.392). In a field, agents and institutions compete for the specific rewards at risk in that game while having uneven strengths and adhering to the norms that govern that field. Those who control the field have the tools to use to their advantage; nonetheless, they must contend with the opposition of the dominated agents (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p.392). The field becomes an apparatus when those in positions of authority are able to prevent those under their control from resisting, opposing, or responding. This implies that the lower class, such as the working class and activists, can only be subdued; the dialectic and conflict that comprise the field will stop when everything shifts downward and the effects of dominance take over Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 392).

    **_Bourdieu’s The Logic of Practice_**

    The social world is seen as a show where someone watches with a "point of view," thinking about the action through the lens of his relationship with the object Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 396). This observer then applies his relationship to the object and acts as if it were only there for knowledge and all interactions were symbolic. Individuals in high positions in society view the social world as either a representation (as in idealist philosophy, but also through paintings) or a performance (as in theater or music), and behaviors are seen as nothing more than playing roles, following rules, or carrying out plans. The theory of practice says that knowledge objects are made, not just stored. The habitus, which is a set of structured, organizing dispositions, is what makes this possible. Bourdieu wrote about this in 1990 (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 396). In other words, our background, the people we know, and the things we've done in the past all affect what we understand and know.

    The passage indicates that one can forgo objectivist idealism without compromising the active engagement in seeing the world. This means putting yourself in "real activity as such (Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397)," which means being actively present in the world so that the world can tell you what needs to be done and said. This calls for moving away from the realism that characterizes objectivism and a return to practice, the place where dialectic takes place, and how opus operandum and modus operandi interact Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397).

    The "situational analysis" technique, which emphasizes the observation of individuals in many social contexts, is confined within the bounds of the rule and the exception. Bourdieu contends that there is a certain kind of logic that applies to daily acts, and that this logic is distinct from the formal, academic logic Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397). The habitus and social environment in which individuals function both have a role in shaping this practical logic. “Thus, the method known as situational analysis, which consists of observing people in a variety of social situations in order to determine the way in which individuals are able to exercise choices within the limits of a specified social structure” Gluckman (1961, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 397).

    **B.**

    **_Modern Day – Surveillance, Subject, Power, and Discipline_**

    The emphasis on standardized testing in school systems can be seen as a form of discipline, enforcing conformity and obedience to authority. The tight rules and regulations that are put on students show this even more clearly by shaping their behavior and way of thinking to fit with societal norms. For example, standardized tests in schools not only check how well students are doing in school, but they also set up a system where students learn to follow the rules and please adults in charge. Students are also subject to strict rules and regulations, which are similar to disciplinary actions that change behavior and thought to fit social norms. This shows how widespread discipline is in schools. The school's approach to disciplining bad behavior has come under scrutiny. For instance, a child who is being bullied may get an unjustified blow to the mouth. The Shelby County School System in Alabama placed both children on "in-school suspension" for the 2023–2024 academic year while they looked into the incident. The actual setting is a blank room with a Chromebook and no one-on-one teaching for a middle schooler who was subsequently determined to be "innocent." During public hearings, families of children who were subjected to exclusionary discipline made a strong case for the legislation, telling lawmakers about their experiences of not having the right to due process (Stryens-Fernandes @al.com, 2024). The summer of 2024, the State of Alabama passed a bill that I support which makes it more in-line with a definite process in place before kicking a child out of the classroom. "The social world is a huge storehouse of accumulated aggression that comes to the surface when the conditions are right for it to happen" Bourdieu (1993, as cited in Gardner and Hancock, p. 392).

    Monitoring employees at work and judging their performance are examples of strict rules and laws that tell workers how to act and think, making sure they follow company standards. For instance, performance reviews not only show how productive workers are, but they also give them a reason to follow the rules and guidelines set by management at work. Companies watch what their workers type and do on the internet to make sure they're following company rules and not doing anything illegal. This shows how controlled and watched modern workplaces are. This much monitoring can make workers afraid and obedient, which will eventually change how they act to fit with what the company wants.

    **_Modern Day – Habitus_**

    Pierre Bourdieu's idea of habitus refers to the deeply rooted habits, skills, and attitudes that people pick up as they go through life Bourdieu (1990, as cited in Garner and Hancock, 2014, p. 399) This idea is very important for understanding how people interact with and move through their social world. It is possible to use habitus to describe a number of social problems and events in modern American society, such as education and health care. The American school system often shows and promotes social differences. Rich families usually give their kids better educational tools and chances, which shapes their habits to help them do well in school and go to college. Students from disadvantaged backgrounds may have limited access to quality education due to financial constraints, lack of parental involvement, or inadequate school resources. This can result in lower academic achievement and limited future prospects for these students. In contrast, students from more affluent backgrounds may have access to a wider range of educational resources and opportunities, giving them an advantage in terms of academic success and future career prospects. Ultimately, addressing these disparities in educational opportunities based on social class is crucial in order to create a more inclusive education system.

    Another area where habitus matters is access to healthcare for different social groups. Having quality, accessible healthcare affects our health and how well we thrive. People who have a habit of getting regular checkups and living a healthy life are more likely to stay healthy, while people who don't have this habit may have more health problems. The influence of social class on access to quality healthcare in the American healthcare system is significant. Those who come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often face barriers such as lack of insurance, limited access to preventative care, and discriminatory practices. These disparities perpetuate a cycle of inequality in health outcomes, as those with higher social capital are able to navigate the system more effectively and receive better treatment. Bourdieu's concept of habitus helps to explain how these systemic inequalities are reproduced and maintained over time. Studying habitus can provide insights into the functioning of social systems and the interactions within social settings. It highlights the significance of addressing fundamental imbalances.

    **_Modern Day – Logic of Practice_**

    In applying Bourdieu's theory of practice to current American society, one can see how social hierarchies are maintained and reproduced through various cultural practices. The ways in which individuals navigate social spaces, consume cultural goods, and engage in symbolic rituals all play a role in reinforcing existing power dynamics. By analyzing these practices through the lens of Bourdieu's theory, one can gain a deeper understanding of how social inequality is perpetuated and potentially identify ways to challenge and disrupt these structures. One way to understand the concept of "cultural capital" is the way that some cultural preferences and tastes are rewarded and valued in society, which causes people who do not fit in to be excluded. Additionally, Bourdieu's concept of "habitus" can be observed in how individuals from different social backgrounds internalize and embody certain behaviors and attitudes that shape their interactions and opportunities within society. The country was shocked when the US Supreme Court reversed affirmative action. Thomas, a black justice, made his view known that he is against affirmative action because of the attached stigma (Totenberg, 2023). For instance, individuals from privileged backgrounds may have been raised with a sense of entitlement and confidence that allows them to navigate social situations more easily, while those from disadvantaged backgrounds may feel out of place and struggle to assert themselves. An example is Harvard's legacy admissions. People have talked a lot about and looked closely at Harvard's legacy admissions, which give students with family ties to the school special attention when it comes to the admissions process. Some people say that this practice is unfair to students of color because it favors white candidates. The Supreme Court's choice to end affirmative action in higher education made the argument stronger because it still let schools prioritize children of donors and legacy students. Scholarly and donor-related applicants from Harvard are six times more likely to be white; 70% of those who apply are white (Casey, 2023). Eliminating legacy choices could change the racial makeup of the accepted students, which could mean that more students of color can go. A study found that 43% of white students accepted to Harvard were legacy students, athletes, children of teachers, or relatives of donors. For Black, Latino, and Asian American students, this number dropped by a huge amount.

    **References**

    Casey, M. (2023, July 25).
    _Education Department opens an investigation into Harvard’s legacy admissions_. AP News.
    [https://apnews.com/article/legacy-admissions-harvard-affirmative-action-diversity-24321f3814d5feec6d380d18c8b6c2e1Links to an external site.](https://apnews.com/article/legacy-admissions-harvard-affirmative-action-diversity-24321f3814d5feec6d380d18c8b6c2e1)

    Garner, R., & Black Hawk Hancock. (2014).
    _Social Theory: Continuity and Confrontation: A Reader._ University of Toronto Press; Toronto.

    stryens-fernandes @al.com, S. T.-F. |. (2024, April 26).
    _Alabama passes bill making it harder to kick students out of school_. Al.
    [https://www.al.com/education/2024/04/alabama-passes-bill-making-it-harder-to-kick-students-out-of-school.htmlLinks to an external site.](https://www.al.com/education/2024/04/alabama-passes-bill-making-it-harder-to-kick-students-out-of-school.html)

    Totenberg, N. (2023, June 29).
    _Supreme Court Guts Affirmative Action, Effectively Ending Race-Conscious Admissions_. NPR.
    [https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decisionLinks to an external site.](https://www.npr.org/2023/06/29/1181138066/affirmative-action-supreme-court-decision)

  • [Solved] Theory Week 5 Assignment

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  • [Solved] Education EDU530 Week 6 assignment

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    See attached. No plagiarism or AI needs originality quality work week 6 attached must include in-text citations and references – [\ \ Week6assignment.docx](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/week6assignment-docx-10200955 "Week6assignment.docx") – [\ \ Chptr3.pdf](https://www.sweetstudy.com/files/c…

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    See attached. No plagiarism or AI needs originality quality work week 6 attached   must include in-text citations and references

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    – 2 years ago

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  • [Solved] journal des

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    ## Journal 4: Criminal Fan Behavior Choose **one** of the following options to analyze the role of strain theory or social learning theory in explaining the behavior of a stalker character in a film. Use the theory to explore how psychological, emotional, and societal pressures contribute to the cha…

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    ## Journal 4: Criminal Fan Behavior

    Choose **one** of the following options to analyze the  role of strain theory or social learning theory in explaining the  behavior of a stalker character in a film. Use the theory to explore how  psychological, emotional, and societal pressures contribute to the  character's obsession and violence.

    ### Option A: _Perfect Blue_ (1997)

    Using **strain theory**, analyze the stalker's behavior and motivations in _Perfect Blue_.  Strain theory posits that societal pressures or the inability to  achieve desired goals can lead to frustration, which may result in  deviant behavior. In your analysis, consider the following questions:

    – How do the stalker’s unmet psychological or emotional needs drive their obsession with the main character?
    – How does the film portray the strain between the stalker's desires  and their inability to attain them? What specific aspects of their life  contribute to the strain that fuels their violent behavior?
    – Reflect on the pressures of fame and the blurred boundaries between reality and media representation in _Perfect Blue_. How does this contribute to the stalker’s deviant actions?

    Use specific examples from the film to illustrate how strain theory explains the stalker's descent into obsession and violence.

    ### Option B: _The Bodyguard_ (1992)

    Apply **strain theory** or **social learning theory** to the stalker’s behavior in _The Bodyguard_.  These theories provide different lenses for understanding how societal  or psychological pressures shape deviant behavior. In your analysis,  consider the following:

    – If using **strain theory**, discuss how the stalker’s  actions reflect underlying societal pressures or unmet psychological  needs. What strains or frustrations may be influencing their behavior?
    – If using **social learning theory**, explain how the  stalker’s behavior may have been learned through the observation of  others. How does their environment or media consumption model violent or  obsessive behavior?
    – How does the portrayal of the stalker's actions in the film  highlight the dangers associated with celebrity culture and the  pressures that both fans and celebrities face? Consider how the film  uses this narrative to reflect real-world issues of fan obsession and  celebrity vulnerability.

    In your analysis, use specific scenes and character behaviors from  the film to demonstrate how the chosen theory explains the stalker’s  motivations and actions.

    – 2 years ago