Assignment Prompt & Instructions
– ## Forthisassignmentyouwillsubmit.docx
– ## HealthpromotionWeek2.pdf
**## Forthisassignmentyouwillsubmit.docx**
For this assignment you will submit Part One of your proposal, detailing a health problem that is
prevalent within your selected group and demonstrating your research of health promotion strategies for
addressing this specific health problem. At this point, you already developed in your discussions the core ideas of the topic contained in this assignment. You will use the same information, but it won’t be a copy-and-paste exercise. The purpose is that you enhance your ideas with the comments and outcomes of the weekly discussions and previous evaluations.
Directions
1. Introduction. Describe the health problem. Don't type "Introduction". (1 paragraph at least).
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable.
2. Describe the vulnerable population. (1-3 paragraphs).
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals (at least 2) of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. (2 paragraphs, one for each article).
After completing a literature search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. (2-3 paragraphs).
4. Select and present an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model that best serves as the guiding framework for the proposal. (2-3 paragraphs).
For this assignment, a conclusion paragraph is not required.
Writing Assignment Requirements
Three to five pages in length (excluding title page, references, and appendices)
Follow APA format
Cite a minimum of 6 references
Please review the rubric prior to submission.
**## HealthpromotionWeek2.pdf**
1
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Yusmila Macias
Florida National University
Health Promotion & Role Development in Adv. Nursing Practice
Prof. Nora Hernandez Pupo
November 8, 2025
2
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Overview of the Health Problem
Obesity is currently among the most significant social health issues of the 21 st century. It
is a complex condition which is characterized by accumulation of excess fat within the body
which is hazardous to the health of the individual as it might result to cardiovascular disease,
type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain forms of cancer. Obesity is an ailment that is defined by
World Health Organization (WHO) as a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg / m2 or above as an
indicator of an unhealthy equilibrium of the caloric intake and the expenditure of energy (WHO,
2020). The health outcomes of obesity are not individual outcomes, but they are stressors to
health care systems, lower productivity and cause the social stigma and discrimination. The
problem of obesity is preventable through change of lifestyles, but there has been a continued
trend in the severity of obesity throughout the entire world due to the unhealthy dietary choices,
a lack of physical exercise, the existence of socioeconomic inequalities that obstruct access to
nutritious food and recreational spaces.
Global Relevance
Obesity has already become epidemic in the entire world, and its manifestation is
observed in all age groups and all socioeconomic classes. The World Health Organization (2020)
has estimated that over 1 billion individuals across the world are living with obesity of 650
million adults, 340 million adolescents, and 39 million children. The prevalence of obesity in the
world has almost tripled in the world since 1975, because of both the increased access to high
calories foods that lack nutrients as well as the reduced rates of physical activity (World Health
Organization, 2025). The developing countries today are facing the so-called double burden of
malnutrition, in which undernutrition is accompanied by the increasing incidence of obesity. In
3
countries where urbanization is at a high rate like India, Brazil, and Mexico, poor eating habits,
physical inactivity are the dominant causes of obesity-associated illnesses (Ahmed and
Mohammed, 2025). The economic burden of obesity is estimated at more than 2 trillion in terms
of global economy every year in the world, which is about 2.8 percent of the gross domestic
product (Aremu et al., 2025). These statistics highlight the pressing need of obesity to be tackled
through concerted international preventive measures that have put the importance of nutrition
education, change in food policy and community-based health promotion.
National Relevance
Obesity is a serious health issue facing the people of the United States because more than
43 percent of adults and 16 percent of children and adolescents are obese (Ng et al., 2025). The
number has been rising consistently across the demographics, with Non-Hispanic Black (49.9)
and Hispanic adults having the highest rates of 45.6 (Herren et al., 2022). Obesity risk is greatly
determined by socioeconomic factors such as income level, education and access to healthcare.
Lots of communities that have low-income deal with so-called food deserts, where there is a low
level of access to healthy food, and food swamps, where unhealthy food is more prevalent. In the
U.S., the economic cost of obesity is more than 173 billion USD in direct medical expenditure
and obese people spend 1861 USD more per year in medical care than people of normal weight
(Cawley, 2021). Healthy People 2030 (2024) says that the prevalence of obesity is to be
mitigated by national efforts like the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' efforts in
its initiative, titled Healthy People 2030, and the CDC's undertaking, titled State and Local
Programs to Prevent Obesity.
4
Local Relevance
Obesity is a major issue in most communities in the U.S, especially the one with poverty
and limited health opportunities. As an illustration, disparities even exist in California where
there is a wide range of efforts in the field of public health. The (O'Lawrence et al., 2020) report
that around 29 percent of adults and 17 percent of children are obese, and the prevalence is
higher among the low-income and minority groups. The proportion of adults who say they are
obese in Los Angeles County alone is over 25 percent, and one out of every five children has
become overweight or obese (Ahmed & Mohammed, 2025). The local factors influencing these
trends are high cost of life that limits consumption of healthy foods, absence of recreational
centers and cultural eating habits. Community based interventions such as school lunch,
community exercise and city initiative to promote consumption of fresh produce such as farmers
markets have depicted promising outcomes. However, obesity is still a problem among
underserved communities, so health promotion efforts still have to be implemented, and the local
background should be considered.
Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
The additional proliferation of obesity on global, national and local levels testified to the
need of multisided strategies of health promotion. With regards to obesity interdisciplinary
collaboration between healthcare practitioners, policymakers, schools and communities is
necessary to enable behavior change, healthy environment and socioeconomic barriers to
wellness. The health promotion programs must be provided on prevention, culturally sensitive
education and equally access to healthier foods and greater access to physical activities. The
prevalence of obesity and improvement of the quality of life in societies can be prevented by
means of certain interventions such as dietary education, physical activity, and changes in
5
policies. Obesity epidemics should be reversed by initiating wide-ranging health promotion
programs that would guarantee a cleaner and more balanced future.
6
References
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025). Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences,
management, preventive strategies and future research directions. Metabolism Open, 27,
100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375
Aremu, S. O., Akute, B., Aremu, D. O., Zando, C., Aremu, E. D., Nwachukwu, O. J., Omosebi,
M. O., Akute, V. O., Oluwole, S. T., Abdillahi Abdi Barkhadle, & Aremu, M. O. (2025).
Dietary strategies for preventing and managing obesity through evidence-based
nutritional interventions. Deleted Journal, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-
00818-w
Cawley, J. (2021). Direct medical costs of obesity in the United States and the most populous
states. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 27(3), 354–366.
https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410
Healthy People 2030. (2024). Overweight and obesity – healthy people 2030 | odphp.health.gov.
Health.gov. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-
objectives/overweight-and-obesity
Herren, O. M., Gillman, A. S., Marshall, V. J., & Das, R. (2022). Understanding the changing
landscape of health disparities in chronic liver diseases and liver cancer. Gastro Hep
Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.001
Ng, M., Gakidou, E., Lo, J., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, N., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez,
S., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abdulah, D. M.,
Abdulkader, R. S., Abdullahi, A., Abedi, A., Abeywickrama, H. M., Abie, A., Aboagye,
R. G., & Abohashem, S. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult
overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the
7
global burden of disease study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00355-1
O’Lawrence, H., Martinez, L., Castelo, G., Humes, E., Mayorga, B., & Rosas, S. (2020). The
latest review of childhood obesity among hispanic and latinx populations in california.
Diabetes Research: Open Access, 2(2), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.36502/2020/droa.6165
WHO. (2020). Obesity. WHO. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity
World Health Organization. (2025). Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Global Relevance
– National Relevance
– Local Relevance
– Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
– References
**## HealthpromotionWeek2.pdf**
1
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Yusmila Macias
Florida National University
Health Promotion & Role Development in Adv. Nursing Practice
Prof. Nora Hernandez Pupo
November 8, 2025
2
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Overview of the Health Problem
Obesity is currently among the most significant social health issues of the 21 st century. It
is a complex condition which is characterized by accumulation of excess fat within the body
which is hazardous to the health of the individual as it might result to cardiovascular disease,
type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain forms of cancer. Obesity is an ailment that is defined by
World Health Organization (WHO) as a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg / m2 or above as an
indicator of an unhealthy equilibrium of the caloric intake and the expenditure of energy (WHO,
2020). The health outcomes of obesity are not individual outcomes, but they are stressors to
health care systems, lower productivity and cause the social stigma and discrimination. The
problem of obesity is preventable through change of lifestyles, but there has been a continued
trend in the severity of obesity throughout the entire world due to the unhealthy dietary choices,
a lack of physical exercise, the existence of socioeconomic inequalities that obstruct access to
nutritious food and recreational spaces.
Global Relevance
Obesity has already become epidemic in the entire world, and its manifestation is
observed in all age groups and all socioeconomic classes. The World Health Organization (2020)
has estimated that over 1 billion individuals across the world are living with obesity of 650
million adults, 340 million adolescents, and 39 million children. The prevalence of obesity in the
world has almost tripled in the world since 1975, because of both the increased access to high
calories foods that lack nutrients as well as the reduced rates of physical activity (World Health
Organization, 2025). The developing countries today are facing the so-called double burden of
malnutrition, in which undernutrition is accompanied by the increasing incidence of obesity. In
3
countries where urbanization is at a high rate like India, Brazil, and Mexico, poor eating habits,
physical inactivity are the dominant causes of obesity-associated illnesses (Ahmed and
Mohammed, 2025). The economic burden of obesity is estimated at more than 2 trillion in terms
of global economy every year in the world, which is about 2.8 percent of the gross domestic
product (Aremu et al., 2025). These statistics highlight the pressing need of obesity to be tackled
through concerted international preventive measures that have put the importance of nutrition
education, change in food policy and community-based health promotion.
National Relevance
Obesity is a serious health issue facing the people of the United States because more than
43 percent of adults and 16 percent of children and adolescents are obese (Ng et al., 2025). The
number has been rising consistently across the demographics, with Non-Hispanic Black (49.9)
and Hispanic adults having the highest rates of 45.6 (Herren et al., 2022). Obesity risk is greatly
determined by socioeconomic factors such as income level, education and access to healthcare.
Lots of communities that have low-income deal with so-called food deserts, where there is a low
level of access to healthy food, and food swamps, where unhealthy food is more prevalent. In the
U.S., the economic cost of obesity is more than 173 billion USD in direct medical expenditure
and obese people spend 1861 USD more per year in medical care than people of normal weight
(Cawley, 2021). Healthy People 2030 (2024) says that the prevalence of obesity is to be
mitigated by national efforts like the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' efforts in
its initiative, titled Healthy People 2030, and the CDC's undertaking, titled State and Local
Programs to Prevent Obesity.
4
Local Relevance
Obesity is a major issue in most communities in the U.S, especially the one with poverty
and limited health opportunities. As an illustration, disparities even exist in California where
there is a wide range of efforts in the field of public health. The (O'Lawrence et al., 2020) report
that around 29 percent of adults and 17 percent of children are obese, and the prevalence is
higher among the low-income and minority groups. The proportion of adults who say they are
obese in Los Angeles County alone is over 25 percent, and one out of every five children has
become overweight or obese (Ahmed & Mohammed, 2025). The local factors influencing these
trends are high cost of life that limits consumption of healthy foods, absence of recreational
centers and cultural eating habits. Community based interventions such as school lunch,
community exercise and city initiative to promote consumption of fresh produce such as farmers
markets have depicted promising outcomes. However, obesity is still a problem among
underserved communities, so health promotion efforts still have to be implemented, and the local
background should be considered.
Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
The additional proliferation of obesity on global, national and local levels testified to the
need of multisided strategies of health promotion. With regards to obesity interdisciplinary
collaboration between healthcare practitioners, policymakers, schools and communities is
necessary to enable behavior change, healthy environment and socioeconomic barriers to
wellness. The health promotion programs must be provided on prevention, culturally sensitive
education and equally access to healthier foods and greater access to physical activities. The
prevalence of obesity and improvement of the quality of life in societies can be prevented by
means of certain interventions such as dietary education, physical activity, and changes in
5
policies. Obesity epidemics should be reversed by initiating wide-ranging health promotion
programs that would guarantee a cleaner and more balanced future.
6
References
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025). Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences,
management, preventive strategies and future research directions. Metabolism Open, 27,
100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375
Aremu, S. O., Akute, B., Aremu, D. O., Zando, C., Aremu, E. D., Nwachukwu, O. J., Omosebi,
M. O., Akute, V. O., Oluwole, S. T., Abdillahi Abdi Barkhadle, & Aremu, M. O. (2025).
Dietary strategies for preventing and managing obesity through evidence-based
nutritional interventions. Deleted Journal, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-
00818-w
Cawley, J. (2021). Direct medical costs of obesity in the United States and the most populous
states. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 27(3), 354–366.
https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410
Healthy People 2030. (2024). Overweight and obesity – healthy people 2030 | odphp.health.gov.
Health.gov. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-
objectives/overweight-and-obesity
Herren, O. M., Gillman, A. S., Marshall, V. J., & Das, R. (2022). Understanding the changing
landscape of health disparities in chronic liver diseases and liver cancer. Gastro Hep
Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.001
Ng, M., Gakidou, E., Lo, J., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, N., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez,
S., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abdulah, D. M.,
Abdulkader, R. S., Abdullahi, A., Abedi, A., Abeywickrama, H. M., Abie, A., Aboagye,
R. G., & Abohashem, S. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult
overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the
7
global burden of disease study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00355-1
O’Lawrence, H., Martinez, L., Castelo, G., Humes, E., Mayorga, B., & Rosas, S. (2020). The
latest review of childhood obesity among hispanic and latinx populations in california.
Diabetes Research: Open Access, 2(2), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.36502/2020/droa.6165
WHO. (2020). Obesity. WHO. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity
World Health Organization. (2025). Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Global Relevance
– National Relevance
– Local Relevance
– Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
– References
**## Forthisassignmentyouwillsubmit.docx**
For this assignment you will submit Part One of your proposal, detailing a health problem that is
prevalent within your selected group and demonstrating your research of health promotion strategies for
addressing this specific health problem. At this point, you already developed in your discussions the core ideas of the topic contained in this assignment. You will use the same information, but it won’t be a copy-and-paste exercise. The purpose is that you enhance your ideas with the comments and outcomes of the weekly discussions and previous evaluations.
Directions
1. Introduction. Describe the health problem. Don't type "Introduction". (1 paragraph at least).
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable.
2. Describe the vulnerable population. (1-3 paragraphs).
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals (at least 2) of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. (2 paragraphs, one for each article).
After completing a literature search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. (2-3 paragraphs).
4. Select and present an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model that best serves as the guiding framework for the proposal. (2-3 paragraphs).
For this assignment, a conclusion paragraph is not required.
Writing Assignment Requirements
Three to five pages in length (excluding title page, references, and appendices)
Follow APA format
Cite a minimum of 6 references
Please review the rubric prior to submission.
**## HealthpromotionWeek2.pdf**
1
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Yusmila Macias
Florida National University
Health Promotion & Role Development in Adv. Nursing Practice
Prof. Nora Hernandez Pupo
November 8, 2025
2
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Overview of the Health Problem
Obesity is currently among the most significant social health issues of the 21 st century. It
is a complex condition which is characterized by accumulation of excess fat within the body
which is hazardous to the health of the individual as it might result to cardiovascular disease,
type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain forms of cancer. Obesity is an ailment that is defined by
World Health Organization (WHO) as a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg / m2 or above as an
indicator of an unhealthy equilibrium of the caloric intake and the expenditure of energy (WHO,
2020). The health outcomes of obesity are not individual outcomes, but they are stressors to
health care systems, lower productivity and cause the social stigma and discrimination. The
problem of obesity is preventable through change of lifestyles, but there has been a continued
trend in the severity of obesity throughout the entire world due to the unhealthy dietary choices,
a lack of physical exercise, the existence of socioeconomic inequalities that obstruct access to
nutritious food and recreational spaces.
Global Relevance
Obesity has already become epidemic in the entire world, and its manifestation is
observed in all age groups and all socioeconomic classes. The World Health Organization (2020)
has estimated that over 1 billion individuals across the world are living with obesity of 650
million adults, 340 million adolescents, and 39 million children. The prevalence of obesity in the
world has almost tripled in the world since 1975, because of both the increased access to high
calories foods that lack nutrients as well as the reduced rates of physical activity (World Health
Organization, 2025). The developing countries today are facing the so-called double burden of
malnutrition, in which undernutrition is accompanied by the increasing incidence of obesity. In
3
countries where urbanization is at a high rate like India, Brazil, and Mexico, poor eating habits,
physical inactivity are the dominant causes of obesity-associated illnesses (Ahmed and
Mohammed, 2025). The economic burden of obesity is estimated at more than 2 trillion in terms
of global economy every year in the world, which is about 2.8 percent of the gross domestic
product (Aremu et al., 2025). These statistics highlight the pressing need of obesity to be tackled
through concerted international preventive measures that have put the importance of nutrition
education, change in food policy and community-based health promotion.
National Relevance
Obesity is a serious health issue facing the people of the United States because more than
43 percent of adults and 16 percent of children and adolescents are obese (Ng et al., 2025). The
number has been rising consistently across the demographics, with Non-Hispanic Black (49.9)
and Hispanic adults having the highest rates of 45.6 (Herren et al., 2022). Obesity risk is greatly
determined by socioeconomic factors such as income level, education and access to healthcare.
Lots of communities that have low-income deal with so-called food deserts, where there is a low
level of access to healthy food, and food swamps, where unhealthy food is more prevalent. In the
U.S., the economic cost of obesity is more than 173 billion USD in direct medical expenditure
and obese people spend 1861 USD more per year in medical care than people of normal weight
(Cawley, 2021). Healthy People 2030 (2024) says that the prevalence of obesity is to be
mitigated by national efforts like the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' efforts in
its initiative, titled Healthy People 2030, and the CDC's undertaking, titled State and Local
Programs to Prevent Obesity.
4
Local Relevance
Obesity is a major issue in most communities in the U.S, especially the one with poverty
and limited health opportunities. As an illustration, disparities even exist in California where
there is a wide range of efforts in the field of public health. The (O'Lawrence et al., 2020) report
that around 29 percent of adults and 17 percent of children are obese, and the prevalence is
higher among the low-income and minority groups. The proportion of adults who say they are
obese in Los Angeles County alone is over 25 percent, and one out of every five children has
become overweight or obese (Ahmed & Mohammed, 2025). The local factors influencing these
trends are high cost of life that limits consumption of healthy foods, absence of recreational
centers and cultural eating habits. Community based interventions such as school lunch,
community exercise and city initiative to promote consumption of fresh produce such as farmers
markets have depicted promising outcomes. However, obesity is still a problem among
underserved communities, so health promotion efforts still have to be implemented, and the local
background should be considered.
Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
The additional proliferation of obesity on global, national and local levels testified to the
need of multisided strategies of health promotion. With regards to obesity interdisciplinary
collaboration between healthcare practitioners, policymakers, schools and communities is
necessary to enable behavior change, healthy environment and socioeconomic barriers to
wellness. The health promotion programs must be provided on prevention, culturally sensitive
education and equally access to healthier foods and greater access to physical activities. The
prevalence of obesity and improvement of the quality of life in societies can be prevented by
means of certain interventions such as dietary education, physical activity, and changes in
5
policies. Obesity epidemics should be reversed by initiating wide-ranging health promotion
programs that would guarantee a cleaner and more balanced future.
6
References
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025). Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences,
management, preventive strategies and future research directions. Metabolism Open, 27,
100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375
Aremu, S. O., Akute, B., Aremu, D. O., Zando, C., Aremu, E. D., Nwachukwu, O. J., Omosebi,
M. O., Akute, V. O., Oluwole, S. T., Abdillahi Abdi Barkhadle, & Aremu, M. O. (2025).
Dietary strategies for preventing and managing obesity through evidence-based
nutritional interventions. Deleted Journal, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-
00818-w
Cawley, J. (2021). Direct medical costs of obesity in the United States and the most populous
states. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 27(3), 354–366.
https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410
Healthy People 2030. (2024). Overweight and obesity – healthy people 2030 | odphp.health.gov.
Health.gov. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-
objectives/overweight-and-obesity
Herren, O. M., Gillman, A. S., Marshall, V. J., & Das, R. (2022). Understanding the changing
landscape of health disparities in chronic liver diseases and liver cancer. Gastro Hep
Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.001
Ng, M., Gakidou, E., Lo, J., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, N., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez,
S., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abdulah, D. M.,
Abdulkader, R. S., Abdullahi, A., Abedi, A., Abeywickrama, H. M., Abie, A., Aboagye,
R. G., & Abohashem, S. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult
overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the
7
global burden of disease study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00355-1
O’Lawrence, H., Martinez, L., Castelo, G., Humes, E., Mayorga, B., & Rosas, S. (2020). The
latest review of childhood obesity among hispanic and latinx populations in california.
Diabetes Research: Open Access, 2(2), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.36502/2020/droa.6165
WHO. (2020). Obesity. WHO. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity
World Health Organization. (2025). Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Global Relevance
– National Relevance
– Local Relevance
– Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
– References
**## Forthisassignmentyouwillsubmit.docx**
For this assignment you will submit Part One of your proposal, detailing a health problem that is
prevalent within your selected group and demonstrating your research of health promotion strategies for
addressing this specific health problem. At this point, you already developed in your discussions the core ideas of the topic contained in this assignment. You will use the same information, but it won’t be a copy-and-paste exercise. The purpose is that you enhance your ideas with the comments and outcomes of the weekly discussions and previous evaluations.
Directions
1. Introduction. Describe the health problem. Don't type "Introduction". (1 paragraph at least).
Using data and statistics, support your claim that the issue you selected is a problem.
What specifically will you address in your proposed health promotion program?
Be sure your proposed outcome is realistic and measurable.
2. Describe the vulnerable population. (1-3 paragraphs).
What are the risk factors that make this a vulnerable population?
Use evidence to support the risk factors you have identified.
3. Provide a review of literature from scholarly journals (at least 2) of evidence-based interventions that address the problem. (2 paragraphs, one for each article).
After completing a literature search related to effective interventions for your chosen health promotion activity, write a review that evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of all the sources you have found. (2-3 paragraphs).
4. Select and present an appropriate health promotion/disease prevention theoretical or conceptual model that best serves as the guiding framework for the proposal. (2-3 paragraphs).
For this assignment, a conclusion paragraph is not required.
Writing Assignment Requirements
Three to five pages in length (excluding title page, references, and appendices)
Follow APA format
Cite a minimum of 6 references
Please review the rubric prior to submission.
**## HealthpromotionWeek2.pdf**
1
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Yusmila Macias
Florida National University
Health Promotion & Role Development in Adv. Nursing Practice
Prof. Nora Hernandez Pupo
November 8, 2025
2
Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
Overview of the Health Problem
Obesity is currently among the most significant social health issues of the 21 st century. It
is a complex condition which is characterized by accumulation of excess fat within the body
which is hazardous to the health of the individual as it might result to cardiovascular disease,
type 2 diabetes, stroke and certain forms of cancer. Obesity is an ailment that is defined by
World Health Organization (WHO) as a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg / m2 or above as an
indicator of an unhealthy equilibrium of the caloric intake and the expenditure of energy (WHO,
2020). The health outcomes of obesity are not individual outcomes, but they are stressors to
health care systems, lower productivity and cause the social stigma and discrimination. The
problem of obesity is preventable through change of lifestyles, but there has been a continued
trend in the severity of obesity throughout the entire world due to the unhealthy dietary choices,
a lack of physical exercise, the existence of socioeconomic inequalities that obstruct access to
nutritious food and recreational spaces.
Global Relevance
Obesity has already become epidemic in the entire world, and its manifestation is
observed in all age groups and all socioeconomic classes. The World Health Organization (2020)
has estimated that over 1 billion individuals across the world are living with obesity of 650
million adults, 340 million adolescents, and 39 million children. The prevalence of obesity in the
world has almost tripled in the world since 1975, because of both the increased access to high
calories foods that lack nutrients as well as the reduced rates of physical activity (World Health
Organization, 2025). The developing countries today are facing the so-called double burden of
malnutrition, in which undernutrition is accompanied by the increasing incidence of obesity. In
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countries where urbanization is at a high rate like India, Brazil, and Mexico, poor eating habits,
physical inactivity are the dominant causes of obesity-associated illnesses (Ahmed and
Mohammed, 2025). The economic burden of obesity is estimated at more than 2 trillion in terms
of global economy every year in the world, which is about 2.8 percent of the gross domestic
product (Aremu et al., 2025). These statistics highlight the pressing need of obesity to be tackled
through concerted international preventive measures that have put the importance of nutrition
education, change in food policy and community-based health promotion.
National Relevance
Obesity is a serious health issue facing the people of the United States because more than
43 percent of adults and 16 percent of children and adolescents are obese (Ng et al., 2025). The
number has been rising consistently across the demographics, with Non-Hispanic Black (49.9)
and Hispanic adults having the highest rates of 45.6 (Herren et al., 2022). Obesity risk is greatly
determined by socioeconomic factors such as income level, education and access to healthcare.
Lots of communities that have low-income deal with so-called food deserts, where there is a low
level of access to healthy food, and food swamps, where unhealthy food is more prevalent. In the
U.S., the economic cost of obesity is more than 173 billion USD in direct medical expenditure
and obese people spend 1861 USD more per year in medical care than people of normal weight
(Cawley, 2021). Healthy People 2030 (2024) says that the prevalence of obesity is to be
mitigated by national efforts like the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' efforts in
its initiative, titled Healthy People 2030, and the CDC's undertaking, titled State and Local
Programs to Prevent Obesity.
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Local Relevance
Obesity is a major issue in most communities in the U.S, especially the one with poverty
and limited health opportunities. As an illustration, disparities even exist in California where
there is a wide range of efforts in the field of public health. The (O'Lawrence et al., 2020) report
that around 29 percent of adults and 17 percent of children are obese, and the prevalence is
higher among the low-income and minority groups. The proportion of adults who say they are
obese in Los Angeles County alone is over 25 percent, and one out of every five children has
become overweight or obese (Ahmed & Mohammed, 2025). The local factors influencing these
trends are high cost of life that limits consumption of healthy foods, absence of recreational
centers and cultural eating habits. Community based interventions such as school lunch,
community exercise and city initiative to promote consumption of fresh produce such as farmers
markets have depicted promising outcomes. However, obesity is still a problem among
underserved communities, so health promotion efforts still have to be implemented, and the local
background should be considered.
Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
The additional proliferation of obesity on global, national and local levels testified to the
need of multisided strategies of health promotion. With regards to obesity interdisciplinary
collaboration between healthcare practitioners, policymakers, schools and communities is
necessary to enable behavior change, healthy environment and socioeconomic barriers to
wellness. The health promotion programs must be provided on prevention, culturally sensitive
education and equally access to healthier foods and greater access to physical activities. The
prevalence of obesity and improvement of the quality of life in societies can be prevented by
means of certain interventions such as dietary education, physical activity, and changes in
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policies. Obesity epidemics should be reversed by initiating wide-ranging health promotion
programs that would guarantee a cleaner and more balanced future.
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References
Ahmed, S. K., & Mohammed, R. A. (2025). Obesity: Prevalence, causes, consequences,
management, preventive strategies and future research directions. Metabolism Open, 27,
100375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2025.100375
Aremu, S. O., Akute, B., Aremu, D. O., Zando, C., Aremu, E. D., Nwachukwu, O. J., Omosebi,
M. O., Akute, V. O., Oluwole, S. T., Abdillahi Abdi Barkhadle, & Aremu, M. O. (2025).
Dietary strategies for preventing and managing obesity through evidence-based
nutritional interventions. Deleted Journal, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-
00818-w
Cawley, J. (2021). Direct medical costs of obesity in the United States and the most populous
states. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 27(3), 354–366.
https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2021.20410
Healthy People 2030. (2024). Overweight and obesity – healthy people 2030 | odphp.health.gov.
Health.gov. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-
objectives/overweight-and-obesity
Herren, O. M., Gillman, A. S., Marshall, V. J., & Das, R. (2022). Understanding the changing
landscape of health disparities in chronic liver diseases and liver cancer. Gastro Hep
Advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastha.2022.12.001
Ng, M., Gakidou, E., Lo, J., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, N., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez,
S., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abdulah, D. M.,
Abdulkader, R. S., Abdullahi, A., Abedi, A., Abeywickrama, H. M., Abie, A., Aboagye,
R. G., & Abohashem, S. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult
overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the
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global burden of disease study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481).
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00355-1
O’Lawrence, H., Martinez, L., Castelo, G., Humes, E., Mayorga, B., & Rosas, S. (2020). The
latest review of childhood obesity among hispanic and latinx populations in california.
Diabetes Research: Open Access, 2(2), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.36502/2020/droa.6165
WHO. (2020). Obesity. WHO. https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity
World Health Organization. (2025). Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Addressing Obesity as a Global, National, and Local Health Problem
– Global Relevance
– National Relevance
– Local Relevance
– Justification for Health Promotion Strategies
– References
– 1
– 2