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**files (1)**
– ## First_Things_First_1964-2000.pdf
**## First_Things_First_1964-2000.pdf**
First Things First: A Manifesto
Ken Garland
First Things First (1964 & 2000)
First Things First (Revisited)
Rick Poynor
Original version self-published by the author in 1963, included in Looking
Closer volume 4
CSULB Library Permalink:
https://csu-lb.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CALS_ULB/d7ul0l/alma991005085789702901
Bierut, Michael, et al. Looking Closer. 4, Critical Writings on Graphic Design. Allworth Press, 2002.
Published in Emigre Magazine
Emigre Magazine:
https://www.emigre.com/Essays/Magazine/FirstThingsFirstRevisited
Poynor, Rick. “First Things First (Revisited).” Emigre, no. 51, 1999, p. 2.
1964
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (1964 & 2000)
The original First Things First manifesto was published by 22 signatories in:
Design, the Architects‘ Journal, the SIA Journal, Ark, Modern Publicity, The Guardian, april 1964.
It was renewed in 2000
First Things First
a manifesto
We, the undersigned, are graphic designers, photographers and students who have been brought up in a world
in which the techniques and apparatus of advertising have persistently been presented to us as the most lucra-
tive, effective and desirable means of using our talents. We have been bombarded with publications devoted to
this belief, applauding the work of those who have flogged their skill and imagination to sell such things as:
cat food, stomach powders, detergent, hair restorer, striped toothpaste, aftershave lotion, beforeshave lotion,
slimming diets, fattening diets, deodorants, fizzy water, cigarettes, roll-ons, pull-ons and slip-ons.
By far the greatest effort of those working in the advertising industry are wasted on these trivial purposes, which
contribute little or nothing to our national prosperity.
In common with an increasing numer of the general public, we have reached a saturation point at which the high
pitched scream of consumer selling is no more than sheer noise. We think that there are other things more worth
using our skill and experience on. There are signs for streets and buildings, books and periodicals, catalogues,
instructional manuals, industrial photography, educational aids, films, television features, scientific and industrial
publications and all the other media through which we promote our trade, our education, our culture and our
greater awareness of the world.
We do not advocate the abolition of high pressure consumer advertising: this is not feasible. Nor do we want
to take any of the fun out of life. But we are proposing a reversal of priorities in favour of the more useful and
more lasting forms of communication. We hope that our society will tire of gimmick merchants, status salesmen
and hidden persuaders, and that the prior call on our skills will be for worthwhile purposes. With this in mind we
propose to share our experience and opinions, and to make them available to colleagues, students and others
who may be interested.
signed:
Edward Wright, Geoffrey White, William Slack, Caroline Rawlence, Ian McLaren, Sam Lambert, Ivor Kamlish,
Gerald Jones, Bernard Higton, Brian Grimbly, John Garner, Ken Garland, Anthony Froshaug, Robin Fior, Ger-
mano Facetti, Ivan Dodd, Harriet Crowder, Anthony Clift, Gerry Cinamon, Robert Chapman, Ray Carpenter, Ken
Briggs
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
1/5
2000
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (1964 & 2000)
The First things first 2000 manifesto was an updated version of the earlier First things first 1964 Manifesto published in 2000 by
some of the leading lights of the graphic design, artistic and visual arts community. It was republished by Emigre, Eye and other
important graphic design magazines and has stirred controversy (again) in Graphic design.
First Things First Manifesto
We, the undersigned, are graphic designers, art directors and visual communicators who have been raised in a
world in which the techniques and apparatus of advertising have persistently been presented to us as the most
lucrative, effective and desirable use of our talents. Many design teachers and mentors promote this belief; the
market rewards it; a tide of books and publications reinforces it.
Encouraged in this direction, designers then apply their skill and imagination to sell dog biscuits, designer coffee,
diamonds, detergents, hair gel, cigarettes, credit cards, sneakers, butt toners, light beer and heavy-duty recreati-
onal vehicles. Commercial work has always paid the bills, but many graphic designers have now let it become, in
large measure, what graphic designers do. This, in turn, is how the world perceives design. The profession‘s time
and energy is used up manufacturing demand for things that are inessential at best.
Many of us have grown increasingly uncomfortable with this view of design. Designers who devote their efforts
primarily to advertising, marketing and brand development are supporting, and implicitly endorsing, a mental
environment so saturated with commercial messages that it is changing the very way citizen-consumers speak,
think, feel, respond and interact. To some extent we are all helping draft a reductive and immeasurably harmful
code of public discourse.
There are pursuits more worthy of our problem-solving skills. Unprecedented environmental, social and cultural
crises demand our attention. Many cultural interventions, social market- ing campaigns, books, magazines,
exhibitions, educational tools, television programs, films, charitable causes and other information design projects
urgently require our expertise and help.
We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication – a
mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The
scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by
other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design.
In 1964, 22 visual communicators signed the original call for our skills to be put to worthwhile use. With the ex-
plosive growth of global commercial culture, their message has only grown more urgent. Today, we renew their
manifesto in expectation that no more decades will pass before it is taken to heart.
Jonathan Barnbrook, Nick Bell, Andrew Blauvelt, Hans Bockting, Irma Boom, Sheila Levrant de Bretteville,
Max Bruinsma, Si‰n Cook, Linda van Deursen, Chris Dixon, William Drenttel, Gert Dumbar, Simon Esterson,
Vince Frost, Ken Garland, Milton Glaser, Jessica Helfand, Steven Heller, Andrew Howard, Tibor Kalman, Jeffery
Keedy, Zuzana Licko, Ellen Lupton, Katherine McCoy, Armand Mevis, J. Abbott Miller, Rick Poynor, Lucienne
Roberts, Erik Spiekermann, Jan van Toorn, Teal Triggs, Rudy VanderLans, Bob Wilkinson
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
2/5
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (Revisited)
By Rick Poynor
This article was first published in Emigre magazine issue 51.
When Ken Garland published his First Things First manifesto in London thirty-five years ago, he threw down a challenge to graphic designers
and other visual communicators that refuses to go away. As the century ends, this brief message, dashed off in the heat of the moment, and
signed by twenty-one of his colleagues, is more urgent than ever; the situation it lamented incalculably more extreme.
It is no exaggeration to say that designers are engaged in nothing less than the manufacture of contemporary reality. Today, we live and
breathe design. Few of the experiences we value at home, at leisure, in the city or the mall are free of its alchemical touch. We have absorbed
design so deeply into ourselves that we no longer recognize the myriad ways in which it prompts, cajoles, disturbs, and excites us. It‘s comple-
tely natural. It‘s just the way things are.
We imagine that we engage directly with the „content“ of the magazine, the TV commercial, the pasta sauce, or perfume, but the content is
always mediated by design and it‘s design that helps direct how we perceive it and how it makes us feel. The brand-meisters and marketing
gurus understand this only too well. The product may be little different in real terms from its rivals. What seduces us is its „image.“ This image
reaches us first as a visual entity – shape, color, picture, type. But if it‘s to work its effect on us it must become an idea: NIKE! This is the
tremendous power of design.
The original First Things First was written at a time when the British economy was booming. People of all classes were better off than ever
before and jobs were easily had. Consumer goods such as TVs, washing machines, fridges, record players and cars, which North Americans
were the first to take for granted, were transforming everyday life in the wealthier European nations – and changing consumer expectations for
ever. Graphic design, too, had emerged from the austerity of the post-war years, when four-colour printing was a rarity, and designers could
only dream of American clients‘ lavish production budgets and visual panache. Young designers were vigorous and optimistic. They organized
meetings, debates and exhibitions promoting the value of design. Professional associations were started and many leading figures, still active
today, began their careers.
Ken Garland studied design at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London in the early 1950s, and for six years was art editor of Design
magazine, official mouthpiece of the Council of Industrial Design. In 1962, he set up his own company, Ken Garland & Associates, and the
same year began a fruitful association (a „do-it-for-love consultancy,“ as he once put it) with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He was a
committed campaigner against the bomb, and his „Aldermaston to London Easter 62“ poster, with its huge, marching CND symbol, is a classic
piece of protest graphics from the period. Always outspoken, in person and in print, he was an active member of the socialist Labour Party.
Garland penned his historic statement on 29 November 1963, during a crowded meeting of the Society of Industrial Artists at London‘s Institute
of Contemporary Arts. At the end he asked the chairman whether he could read it out. „As I warmed to the task I found I wasn‘t so much rea-
ding it as declaiming it,“ he recalled later; „it had become, we all realized simultaneously, that totally unfashionable device, a Manifesto.“ There
was prolonged applause and many people volunteered their signatures there and then.
Four hundred copies of First Things First were published in January 1964. Some of the other signatories were well-established figures. Edward
Wright, in his early forties, and the oldest, taught experimental typography at the Central School; Anthony Froshaug was also a Central typogra-
pher of great influence. Others were teachers, students, or just starting out as designers. Several were photographers.
The manifesto received immediate backing from an unexpected quarter. One of the signatories passed it to Caroline Wedgwood Benn, wife
of the Labour Member of Parliament, Anthony Wedgwood Benn (now Tony Benn). On 24 January, Benn reprinted the manifesto in its entirety
in his weekly Guardian newspaper column. „The responsi- bility for the waste of talent which they have denounced is one we must all share,“
he wrote. „The evidence for it is all around us in the ugliness with which we have to live. It could so easily be replaced if only we consciously
decided as a community to engage some of the skill which now goes into the frills of an affluent society.“
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
3/5
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (Revisited) By Rick Poynor
That evening, as a result of the Guardian article, Garland was invited on to a BBC TV news program to read out a section of First Things First
and discuss the manifesto. It was subsequently reprinted in Design, the SIA Journal (which built an issue round it), the Royal College of Art
magazine, Ark, and the yearbook Modern Publicity 1964/65, where it was also translated into French and German. This publicity meant that
many people, not just in Britain but abroad, heard about and read First Things First. Garland has letters in his files from designers, design
teachers and other interested parties as far afield as Australia, the United States and the Netherlands requesting copies, affirming support for
the manifesto‘s message, or inviting him to come and speak about it.
That First Things First struck a nerve is clear. It arrived at a moment when design was taking off as a confident, professionalized activity. The
rapid growth of the affluent consumer society meant there were many opportunities for talented visual communicators in advertising, promotion
and packaging. The advertising business itself had experienced a so-called „creative revolution“ in New York, and several influential American
exponents of the new ideas-based graphic design were working for London agencies in the early 1960s. A sense of glamour and excitement
surrounded this well-paid line of work. From the late 1950s onwards, a few skeptical designers began to ask publicly what this non-stop tide
of froth had to do with the wider needs and problems of society. To some, it seemed that the awards with which their colleagues liked to flatter
themselves attracted and celebrated only the shallowest and most ephemeral forms of design. For Garland and the other concerned signato-
ries of First Things First, design was in danger of forgetting its responsi- bility to struggle for a better life for all.
The critical distinction drawn by the manifesto was between design as communication (giving people necessary information) and design as
persuasion (trying to get them to buy things). In the signatories‘ view, a disproportionate amount of designers‘ talents and effort was being
expended on advertising trivial items, from fizzy water to slimming diets, while more „useful and lasting“ tasks took second place: street signs,
books and periodicals, catalogues, instruction manuals, educational aids, and so on. The British designer Jock Kinneir (not a signatory) agreed:
„Designers oriented in this direction are concerned less with persuasion and more with informa- tion, less with income brackets and more with
physiology, less with taste and more with efficiency, less with fashion and more with amenity. They are concerned in helping people to find their
way, to understand what is required of them, to grasp new processes and to use instruments and machines more easily.“
Some dismissed the manifesto as naive, but the signatories were absolutely correct in their assessment of the way that design was developing.
In the years that followed, similar misgivings were sometimes voiced by other designers, but most preferred to keep their heads down and con-
centrate on questions of form and craft. Lubricated by design, the juggernaut rolled on. In the gentler, much less invasive commercial climate
of the early 1960s, it was still possible to imagine that if a few more designers would only move across to the other side of the vehicle balance
would be restored. In its wording, the manifesto did not acknowledge the extent to which this might, in reality, be a political issue, and Garland
himself made a point of explaining that the underlying political and economic system was not being called into question. „We do not advocate
the abolition of high pressure consumer advertising,“ he wrote, „this is not feasible.“
But the decision to concentrate one‘s efforts as a designer on corporate projects, or advertising, or any other kind of design, is a political
choice. „Design is not a neutral value-free process,“ argues the American design educator Katherine McCoy, who contends that corporate work
of even the most innocuous content is never devoid of political bias. Today, the imbalance identified by First Things First is greater than ever.
The vast majority of design projects – and certainly the most lavishly funded and widely disseminated – address corporate needs, a massive
over-emphasis on the commercial sector of society, which consumes most of graphic designers‘ time, skills and creativity. As McCoy points
out, this is a decisive vote for eco- nomic considerations over other potential concerns, including society‘s social, educational, cultural, spiritual,
and political needs. In other words, it‘s a political statement in support of the status quo.
Design‘s love affair with form to the exclusion of almost every- thing else lies at the heart of the problem. In the 1990s, advertisers were quick to
coopt the supposedly „radical“ graphic and typographic footwork of some of design‘s most celebrated and ludicrously self-regarding stars, and
these designers, seeing an opportunity to reach national and global audiences, were only too happy to take advertis- ing‘s dollar. Design styles
lab-tested in youth magazines and obscure music videos became the stuff of sneaker, soft drink and bank ads. Advertising and design are
closer today than at any point since the 1960s. For many young designers emerging from design schools in the 1990s, they now appear to be
one and the same. Obsessed with how cool an ad looks, rather than with what it is really saying, or the meaning of the context in which it says
it, these designers seriously seem to believe that formal innovations alone are somehow able to effect progressive change in the nature and
content of the message communicated. Exactly how, no one ever manages to explain.
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
4/5
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (Revisited) By Rick Poynor
Meanwhile, in the sensation-hungry design press, in the judging of design competitions, in policy statements from design organizations, in the
words of design‘s senior figures and spokespeople (on the few occasions they have a chance to address the public) and even in large sections
of design education, we learn about very little these days other than the commercial uses of design. It‘s rare to hear any strong point of view
expressed, by most of these sources, beyond the unremarkable news that design really can help to make your business more competitive.
When the possibility is tentatively raised that design might have broader purposes, potential and meanings, designers who have grown up in a
commercial climate often find this hard to believe. „We have trained a profession,“ says McCoy, „that feels political or social concerns are either
extraneous to our work or inappropriate.“
The new signatories‘ enthusiastic support for Adbusters‘ updated First Things First reasserts its continuing validity, and provides a much-
needed opportunity to debate these issues before it is too late. What‘s at stake in contemporary design, the artist and critic Johanna Drucker
suggests, isn‘t so much the look or form of design practice as the life and consciousness of the designer (and everybody else, for that matter).
She argues that the process of unlocking and exposing the underlying ideological basis of commercial culture boils down to a simple question
that we need to ask, and keep on asking: „In whose interest and to what ends? Who gains by this construction of reality, by this representation
of this condition as ‚natural‘?“
This is the concern of the designer or visual communicator in at least two senses. First, like all of us, as a member of society, as a citizen (a
word it would be good to revive), as a punchdrunk viewer on the receiving end of the barrage of commercial images. Second, as someone
whose sphere of expertise is that of representation, of two-dimensional appearances, and the construction of reality‘s shifting visual surface, in-
terface and expression. If thinking individ- uals have a responsibility to withstand the proliferating technologies of persuasion, then the designer,
as a skilled professional manipula- tor of those technologies, carries a double responsibility. Even now, at this late hour, in a culture of rampant
commodification, with all its blindspots, distortions, pressures, obsessions, and craziness, it‘s possible for visual communicators to discover
alternative ways of operating in design.
At root, it‘s about democracy. The escalating commercial take-over of everyday life makes democratic resistance more vital than ever.
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
5/5
– Title Page.pdf
– First Things First: A Manifesto
– Ken Garland
– First Things First (1964 & 2000) First Things First (Revisited)
– Rick Poynor
– Original version self-published by the author in 1963, included in Looking Closer volume 4
– Published in Emigre Magazine
**## First_Things_First_1964-2000.pdf**
First Things First: A Manifesto
Ken Garland
First Things First (1964 & 2000)
First Things First (Revisited)
Rick Poynor
Original version self-published by the author in 1963, included in Looking
Closer volume 4
CSULB Library Permalink:
https://csu-lb.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CALS_ULB/d7ul0l/alma991005085789702901
Bierut, Michael, et al. Looking Closer. 4, Critical Writings on Graphic Design. Allworth Press, 2002.
Published in Emigre Magazine
Emigre Magazine:
https://www.emigre.com/Essays/Magazine/FirstThingsFirstRevisited
Poynor, Rick. “First Things First (Revisited).” Emigre, no. 51, 1999, p. 2.
1964
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (1964 & 2000)
The original First Things First manifesto was published by 22 signatories in:
Design, the Architects‘ Journal, the SIA Journal, Ark, Modern Publicity, The Guardian, april 1964.
It was renewed in 2000
First Things First
a manifesto
We, the undersigned, are graphic designers, photographers and students who have been brought up in a world
in which the techniques and apparatus of advertising have persistently been presented to us as the most lucra-
tive, effective and desirable means of using our talents. We have been bombarded with publications devoted to
this belief, applauding the work of those who have flogged their skill and imagination to sell such things as:
cat food, stomach powders, detergent, hair restorer, striped toothpaste, aftershave lotion, beforeshave lotion,
slimming diets, fattening diets, deodorants, fizzy water, cigarettes, roll-ons, pull-ons and slip-ons.
By far the greatest effort of those working in the advertising industry are wasted on these trivial purposes, which
contribute little or nothing to our national prosperity.
In common with an increasing numer of the general public, we have reached a saturation point at which the high
pitched scream of consumer selling is no more than sheer noise. We think that there are other things more worth
using our skill and experience on. There are signs for streets and buildings, books and periodicals, catalogues,
instructional manuals, industrial photography, educational aids, films, television features, scientific and industrial
publications and all the other media through which we promote our trade, our education, our culture and our
greater awareness of the world.
We do not advocate the abolition of high pressure consumer advertising: this is not feasible. Nor do we want
to take any of the fun out of life. But we are proposing a reversal of priorities in favour of the more useful and
more lasting forms of communication. We hope that our society will tire of gimmick merchants, status salesmen
and hidden persuaders, and that the prior call on our skills will be for worthwhile purposes. With this in mind we
propose to share our experience and opinions, and to make them available to colleagues, students and others
who may be interested.
signed:
Edward Wright, Geoffrey White, William Slack, Caroline Rawlence, Ian McLaren, Sam Lambert, Ivor Kamlish,
Gerald Jones, Bernard Higton, Brian Grimbly, John Garner, Ken Garland, Anthony Froshaug, Robin Fior, Ger-
mano Facetti, Ivan Dodd, Harriet Crowder, Anthony Clift, Gerry Cinamon, Robert Chapman, Ray Carpenter, Ken
Briggs
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
1/5
2000
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (1964 & 2000)
The First things first 2000 manifesto was an updated version of the earlier First things first 1964 Manifesto published in 2000 by
some of the leading lights of the graphic design, artistic and visual arts community. It was republished by Emigre, Eye and other
important graphic design magazines and has stirred controversy (again) in Graphic design.
First Things First Manifesto
We, the undersigned, are graphic designers, art directors and visual communicators who have been raised in a
world in which the techniques and apparatus of advertising have persistently been presented to us as the most
lucrative, effective and desirable use of our talents. Many design teachers and mentors promote this belief; the
market rewards it; a tide of books and publications reinforces it.
Encouraged in this direction, designers then apply their skill and imagination to sell dog biscuits, designer coffee,
diamonds, detergents, hair gel, cigarettes, credit cards, sneakers, butt toners, light beer and heavy-duty recreati-
onal vehicles. Commercial work has always paid the bills, but many graphic designers have now let it become, in
large measure, what graphic designers do. This, in turn, is how the world perceives design. The profession‘s time
and energy is used up manufacturing demand for things that are inessential at best.
Many of us have grown increasingly uncomfortable with this view of design. Designers who devote their efforts
primarily to advertising, marketing and brand development are supporting, and implicitly endorsing, a mental
environment so saturated with commercial messages that it is changing the very way citizen-consumers speak,
think, feel, respond and interact. To some extent we are all helping draft a reductive and immeasurably harmful
code of public discourse.
There are pursuits more worthy of our problem-solving skills. Unprecedented environmental, social and cultural
crises demand our attention. Many cultural interventions, social market- ing campaigns, books, magazines,
exhibitions, educational tools, television programs, films, charitable causes and other information design projects
urgently require our expertise and help.
We propose a reversal of priorities in favor of more useful, lasting and democratic forms of communication – a
mindshift away from product marketing and toward the exploration and production of a new kind of meaning. The
scope of debate is shrinking; it must expand. Consumerism is running uncontested; it must be challenged by
other perspectives expressed, in part, through the visual languages and resources of design.
In 1964, 22 visual communicators signed the original call for our skills to be put to worthwhile use. With the ex-
plosive growth of global commercial culture, their message has only grown more urgent. Today, we renew their
manifesto in expectation that no more decades will pass before it is taken to heart.
Jonathan Barnbrook, Nick Bell, Andrew Blauvelt, Hans Bockting, Irma Boom, Sheila Levrant de Bretteville,
Max Bruinsma, Si‰n Cook, Linda van Deursen, Chris Dixon, William Drenttel, Gert Dumbar, Simon Esterson,
Vince Frost, Ken Garland, Milton Glaser, Jessica Helfand, Steven Heller, Andrew Howard, Tibor Kalman, Jeffery
Keedy, Zuzana Licko, Ellen Lupton, Katherine McCoy, Armand Mevis, J. Abbott Miller, Rick Poynor, Lucienne
Roberts, Erik Spiekermann, Jan van Toorn, Teal Triggs, Rudy VanderLans, Bob Wilkinson
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
2/5
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (Revisited)
By Rick Poynor
This article was first published in Emigre magazine issue 51.
When Ken Garland published his First Things First manifesto in London thirty-five years ago, he threw down a challenge to graphic designers
and other visual communicators that refuses to go away. As the century ends, this brief message, dashed off in the heat of the moment, and
signed by twenty-one of his colleagues, is more urgent than ever; the situation it lamented incalculably more extreme.
It is no exaggeration to say that designers are engaged in nothing less than the manufacture of contemporary reality. Today, we live and
breathe design. Few of the experiences we value at home, at leisure, in the city or the mall are free of its alchemical touch. We have absorbed
design so deeply into ourselves that we no longer recognize the myriad ways in which it prompts, cajoles, disturbs, and excites us. It‘s comple-
tely natural. It‘s just the way things are.
We imagine that we engage directly with the „content“ of the magazine, the TV commercial, the pasta sauce, or perfume, but the content is
always mediated by design and it‘s design that helps direct how we perceive it and how it makes us feel. The brand-meisters and marketing
gurus understand this only too well. The product may be little different in real terms from its rivals. What seduces us is its „image.“ This image
reaches us first as a visual entity – shape, color, picture, type. But if it‘s to work its effect on us it must become an idea: NIKE! This is the
tremendous power of design.
The original First Things First was written at a time when the British economy was booming. People of all classes were better off than ever
before and jobs were easily had. Consumer goods such as TVs, washing machines, fridges, record players and cars, which North Americans
were the first to take for granted, were transforming everyday life in the wealthier European nations – and changing consumer expectations for
ever. Graphic design, too, had emerged from the austerity of the post-war years, when four-colour printing was a rarity, and designers could
only dream of American clients‘ lavish production budgets and visual panache. Young designers were vigorous and optimistic. They organized
meetings, debates and exhibitions promoting the value of design. Professional associations were started and many leading figures, still active
today, began their careers.
Ken Garland studied design at the Central School of Arts and Crafts in London in the early 1950s, and for six years was art editor of Design
magazine, official mouthpiece of the Council of Industrial Design. In 1962, he set up his own company, Ken Garland & Associates, and the
same year began a fruitful association (a „do-it-for-love consultancy,“ as he once put it) with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He was a
committed campaigner against the bomb, and his „Aldermaston to London Easter 62“ poster, with its huge, marching CND symbol, is a classic
piece of protest graphics from the period. Always outspoken, in person and in print, he was an active member of the socialist Labour Party.
Garland penned his historic statement on 29 November 1963, during a crowded meeting of the Society of Industrial Artists at London‘s Institute
of Contemporary Arts. At the end he asked the chairman whether he could read it out. „As I warmed to the task I found I wasn‘t so much rea-
ding it as declaiming it,“ he recalled later; „it had become, we all realized simultaneously, that totally unfashionable device, a Manifesto.“ There
was prolonged applause and many people volunteered their signatures there and then.
Four hundred copies of First Things First were published in January 1964. Some of the other signatories were well-established figures. Edward
Wright, in his early forties, and the oldest, taught experimental typography at the Central School; Anthony Froshaug was also a Central typogra-
pher of great influence. Others were teachers, students, or just starting out as designers. Several were photographers.
The manifesto received immediate backing from an unexpected quarter. One of the signatories passed it to Caroline Wedgwood Benn, wife
of the Labour Member of Parliament, Anthony Wedgwood Benn (now Tony Benn). On 24 January, Benn reprinted the manifesto in its entirety
in his weekly Guardian newspaper column. „The responsi- bility for the waste of talent which they have denounced is one we must all share,“
he wrote. „The evidence for it is all around us in the ugliness with which we have to live. It could so easily be replaced if only we consciously
decided as a community to engage some of the skill which now goes into the frills of an affluent society.“
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
3/5
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (Revisited) By Rick Poynor
That evening, as a result of the Guardian article, Garland was invited on to a BBC TV news program to read out a section of First Things First
and discuss the manifesto. It was subsequently reprinted in Design, the SIA Journal (which built an issue round it), the Royal College of Art
magazine, Ark, and the yearbook Modern Publicity 1964/65, where it was also translated into French and German. This publicity meant that
many people, not just in Britain but abroad, heard about and read First Things First. Garland has letters in his files from designers, design
teachers and other interested parties as far afield as Australia, the United States and the Netherlands requesting copies, affirming support for
the manifesto‘s message, or inviting him to come and speak about it.
That First Things First struck a nerve is clear. It arrived at a moment when design was taking off as a confident, professionalized activity. The
rapid growth of the affluent consumer society meant there were many opportunities for talented visual communicators in advertising, promotion
and packaging. The advertising business itself had experienced a so-called „creative revolution“ in New York, and several influential American
exponents of the new ideas-based graphic design were working for London agencies in the early 1960s. A sense of glamour and excitement
surrounded this well-paid line of work. From the late 1950s onwards, a few skeptical designers began to ask publicly what this non-stop tide
of froth had to do with the wider needs and problems of society. To some, it seemed that the awards with which their colleagues liked to flatter
themselves attracted and celebrated only the shallowest and most ephemeral forms of design. For Garland and the other concerned signato-
ries of First Things First, design was in danger of forgetting its responsi- bility to struggle for a better life for all.
The critical distinction drawn by the manifesto was between design as communication (giving people necessary information) and design as
persuasion (trying to get them to buy things). In the signatories‘ view, a disproportionate amount of designers‘ talents and effort was being
expended on advertising trivial items, from fizzy water to slimming diets, while more „useful and lasting“ tasks took second place: street signs,
books and periodicals, catalogues, instruction manuals, educational aids, and so on. The British designer Jock Kinneir (not a signatory) agreed:
„Designers oriented in this direction are concerned less with persuasion and more with informa- tion, less with income brackets and more with
physiology, less with taste and more with efficiency, less with fashion and more with amenity. They are concerned in helping people to find their
way, to understand what is required of them, to grasp new processes and to use instruments and machines more easily.“
Some dismissed the manifesto as naive, but the signatories were absolutely correct in their assessment of the way that design was developing.
In the years that followed, similar misgivings were sometimes voiced by other designers, but most preferred to keep their heads down and con-
centrate on questions of form and craft. Lubricated by design, the juggernaut rolled on. In the gentler, much less invasive commercial climate
of the early 1960s, it was still possible to imagine that if a few more designers would only move across to the other side of the vehicle balance
would be restored. In its wording, the manifesto did not acknowledge the extent to which this might, in reality, be a political issue, and Garland
himself made a point of explaining that the underlying political and economic system was not being called into question. „We do not advocate
the abolition of high pressure consumer advertising,“ he wrote, „this is not feasible.“
But the decision to concentrate one‘s efforts as a designer on corporate projects, or advertising, or any other kind of design, is a political
choice. „Design is not a neutral value-free process,“ argues the American design educator Katherine McCoy, who contends that corporate work
of even the most innocuous content is never devoid of political bias. Today, the imbalance identified by First Things First is greater than ever.
The vast majority of design projects – and certainly the most lavishly funded and widely disseminated – address corporate needs, a massive
over-emphasis on the commercial sector of society, which consumes most of graphic designers‘ time, skills and creativity. As McCoy points
out, this is a decisive vote for eco- nomic considerations over other potential concerns, including society‘s social, educational, cultural, spiritual,
and political needs. In other words, it‘s a political statement in support of the status quo.
Design‘s love affair with form to the exclusion of almost every- thing else lies at the heart of the problem. In the 1990s, advertisers were quick to
coopt the supposedly „radical“ graphic and typographic footwork of some of design‘s most celebrated and ludicrously self-regarding stars, and
these designers, seeing an opportunity to reach national and global audiences, were only too happy to take advertis- ing‘s dollar. Design styles
lab-tested in youth magazines and obscure music videos became the stuff of sneaker, soft drink and bank ads. Advertising and design are
closer today than at any point since the 1960s. For many young designers emerging from design schools in the 1990s, they now appear to be
one and the same. Obsessed with how cool an ad looks, rather than with what it is really saying, or the meaning of the context in which it says
it, these designers seriously seem to believe that formal innovations alone are somehow able to effect progressive change in the nature and
content of the message communicated. Exactly how, no one ever manages to explain.
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
4/5
Theoriemodul BDE-BDE-1011
First Things First (Revisited) By Rick Poynor
Meanwhile, in the sensation-hungry design press, in the judging of design competitions, in policy statements from design organizations, in the
words of design‘s senior figures and spokespeople (on the few occasions they have a chance to address the public) and even in large sections
of design education, we learn about very little these days other than the commercial uses of design. It‘s rare to hear any strong point of view
expressed, by most of these sources, beyond the unremarkable news that design really can help to make your business more competitive.
When the possibility is tentatively raised that design might have broader purposes, potential and meanings, designers who have grown up in a
commercial climate often find this hard to believe. „We have trained a profession,“ says McCoy, „that feels political or social concerns are either
extraneous to our work or inappropriate.“
The new signatories‘ enthusiastic support for Adbusters‘ updated First Things First reasserts its continuing validity, and provides a much-
needed opportunity to debate these issues before it is too late. What‘s at stake in contemporary design, the artist and critic Johanna Drucker
suggests, isn‘t so much the look or form of design practice as the life and consciousness of the designer (and everybody else, for that matter).
She argues that the process of unlocking and exposing the underlying ideological basis of commercial culture boils down to a simple question
that we need to ask, and keep on asking: „In whose interest and to what ends? Who gains by this construction of reality, by this representation
of this condition as ‚natural‘?“
This is the concern of the designer or visual communicator in at least two senses. First, like all of us, as a member of society, as a citizen (a
word it would be good to revive), as a punchdrunk viewer on the receiving end of the barrage of commercial images. Second, as someone
whose sphere of expertise is that of representation, of two-dimensional appearances, and the construction of reality‘s shifting visual surface, in-
terface and expression. If thinking individ- uals have a responsibility to withstand the proliferating technologies of persuasion, then the designer,
as a skilled professional manipula- tor of those technologies, carries a double responsibility. Even now, at this late hour, in a culture of rampant
commodification, with all its blindspots, distortions, pressures, obsessions, and craziness, it‘s possible for visual communicators to discover
alternative ways of operating in design.
At root, it‘s about democracy. The escalating commercial take-over of everyday life makes democratic resistance more vital than ever.
Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich
Bachelor Design WS 05/06
5/5
– Title Page.pdf
– First Things First: A Manifesto
– Ken Garland
– First Things First (1964 & 2000) First Things First (Revisited)
– Rick Poynor
– Original version self-published by the author in 1963, included in Looking Closer volume 4
– Published in Emigre Magazine